PNM Unit 2: Test Review Slides Flashcards
Beta-Blockers
A class of drugs that block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.
beta blockers slow the heart rate.
Selective Beta 1 Antagonist: Metoprolol, Atenolol, Esmolol
Non-Selective Beta 1 Antagonist: Propranolol, Nadolol, Timolol
Mixed Alpha 1 and Non-Selective: Carvedilol, Labetalol
Angiotensin-Modulating Drugs (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)
Blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction and blood pressure.
Enalapril, Lisinopril, Ramipril, Captopril, Benazepril, Quinapril (“-pril”)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Blocks angiotensin II receptors, reducing blood pressure.
Drugs: Losartan, Valsartan, Irbesartan, Olmesartan, Candesartan (“-sartan”)
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
Inhibits calcium influx into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, reducing contractility and vasodilation.
DHP (Dihydropyridine) CCBs: Amlodipine, Nifedipine, Felodipine, Nicardipine
Non-DHP CCBs: Diltiazem, Verapamil
Diuretics
Aka- Loop Diuretics
Inhibits sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporters in the loop of Henle, causing diuresis.
Drugs: Furosemide (Lasix), Bumetanide, Torsemide, Ethacrynic acid
Thiazide Diuretics
Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule, reducing blood pressure.
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), Indapamide, Metolazone, Chlorthalidone
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
inhibits aldosterone, preventing potassium loss.
Drugs: Spironolactone (Aldactone), Eplerenone, Amiloride, Triamterene
Osmotic Diuretics
Mannitol (Osmitrol)
diuretic medication that helps you make more pee to get rid of excess water in your body.
Anti-Epileptics-
Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs)
Used for lifelong epilepsy treatment; require steady-state levels. Acute Seizures: Benzodiazepines (Diazepam, Lorazepam)
Maintenance Therapy: Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Valproic Acid, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Topiramate, Gabapentin
Anti-Parkinsonian Drugs
Dopamine Replacement
Definition: Increases dopamine in the brain to manage Parkinson’s symptoms.
Drug: Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Anti-Parkinson: MAO-B Inhibitor
Selegiline, Rasagiline
Anti-Parkinson- COMT Inhibitor
Entacapone, Tolcapone
Dopamine Agonist & NMDA Antagonist Drug
Amantadine
Anticholinergics
a class of drugs that block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the brain and body
Benztropine (Cogentin), Trihexyphenidyl
Psychotherapeutic Drugs- SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline, Paroxetine, Citalopram, Escitalopram
SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors)
Venlafaxine (Effexor), Duloxetine
TCAs (Tricyclic Antidepressants)
Amitriptyline (Elavil), Nortriptyline, Imipramine
MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)
Phenelzine (Nardil), Tranylcypromine
Antimanic Drugs
Lithium (0.6-1.2 mmol/L)
Anticoagulants
Heparin, Enoxaparin, Warfarin, Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, Dabigatran
Antiplatelets drigs
Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix), Ticagrelor
Thrombolytics (“Clot Busters”) drugs
Streptokinase, Alteplase (tPA), Tenecteplase
Antidotes- Coagulation Modifiers
- Warfarin: Vitamin K
- Heparin: Protamine Sulfate
- Digoxin: Digibind
- Benzodiazepines: Flumazenil
- Cholinergic Crisis: Atropine
Electrolytes- Potassium (K+) normal range
3.5-5.0 mmol/L
Electrolytes- Potassium (K+)
Hypokalemia Causes/Treatment
Weakness, dysrhythmias, digoxin toxicity
Treatment- BIG-K (Beta agonists, Insulin, Glucose, Kayexalate)
Electrolytes: Sodium (Na+) Normal Range
135-145 mmol/L
Electrolytes: Sodium (Na+)
Hypernatremia Symptoms
Hypernatremia Symptoms: Dry mucous membranes, thirst
Hyponatremia: Seen in fluid overload, correct slowly
Heart Failure Treatment- First Line, Next, Late
First Line: ACE inhibitors (“-pril”), Beta-Blockers (“-olol”), Loop Diuretics
Next: Spironolactone, Digoxin
Late Stage: Milrinone (Ino-dilator)
What do inotropes do? Drug?
Affects contractility of the heart.
Drug: Digoxin (Lanoxin)
β-blockers- “olol”
Antihypertensive, antianginal ie. metoprolol
Migraine headaches ie. propranolol
