Pneumonia Flashcards
Aspiration pneumonia results in all of the following anatomic alterations except
A. alveolar consolidation
B. destruction of the alveolar-capillary membrane
C. atelectasis
D. inflammation of the alveoli
B. destruction of the alveolar-capillary membrane
Emphysema results in the destruction of the alveolar-capillary membrane. Pneumonia results in alveolar consolidation, atelectasis, and inflammation of the alveoli.
What term applies to the filling of alveolar spaces as a result of pneumonia?
Effusion
Effusion is the term applied to the transfer of fluid into the alveoli as the result of inflammation caused by an infection. An antigen-antibody reaction occurs during an asthmatic reaction. A concretion (also called a calculus) is the accumulation of salts in body tissues forming a stone.
the process during pneumonia when the lungs become firm and inelastic.
Consolidation
The expression “walking pneumonia” is generally applied to patient with what typed of pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
While people with Mycoplasma pneumoniae are sick, they are usually able to function well enough to walk about and do daily activities. The other types of infectious organisms can cause pneumonia so severe that the patient’s daily activities are seriously limited.
The most commonly found bacterial cause for pneumonia is
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes more than (?)% of all cases of bacterial pneumonia.
80%
The other organisms cause relative small percentages of pneumonia.
Secretions have a sweet smell and are green in color. What is the most likely organism causing her infection?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
This organism is frequently found in patients requiring respiratory care services.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A 75-year-old patient has had a stroke leaving him with dysphagia. What type of pneumonia is he at risk of developing?
aspiration
abnormal swallowing
dysphagia
_____ patients with dysphagia (abnormal swallowing) are at risk for choking and aspirating saliva and food. Food can block the airways, and stomach acid can cause a pneumonitis reaction. Pneumonia can result when mouth organisms are aspirated.
Stroke
A patient with the common cold and associated chest infection would be treated with all of the following
bed rest
ample fluids
over-the-counter cold and cough medicine
With rare exceptions, _______ are not indicated in the care of viral infections
antibiotics
As the respiratory therapist, you have given supplemental oxygen to a patient with pneumonia. What would cause the patient to be hypoxemic?
- Diffusion defect
- Capillary shunting
- Alveolar consolidation
- Hypoventilation
Capillary shunting
Alveolar consolidation
Because of hypoxemia, patients with pneumonia will hyperventilate, NOT hypoventilate.
(t/f) A diffusion defect is found in patients with Pnemonia
False
pulmonary fibrosis
A patient with severe pneumonia can be expected to have the following symptoms
chest pain
tachycardia
hemoptysis
cyanosis
When auscultating over an area of pneumonia, what breath sound can be expected?
Bronchial
What is another common name given to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Friedländer’s bacillus
Of the six types of Haemophilus influenzae, which type is most frequently pathogenic?
Type B
Which of the following is associated with Q fever?
Rickettsia
Mendelson’s syndrome is associated with
Aspiration pneumonia
What is the most common viral pulmonary complication of AIDS?
Cytomegalovirus
Ribavirin aerosol has been shown to be effective in treating children with
Respiratory syncytial virus
almost always the cause of acute epiglottitis
Haemophilus influenzae type B
most associated with croup?
Parainfluenza virus
In the absence of a secondary bacterial infection, lung inflammation caused by the aspiration of gastric fluids usually becomes insignificant in approximately how many days?
3 days
Which of the following is or are associated with pneumonia?
- Decreased tactile and vocal fremitus
- Increased C(a-)O2
- Decreased PEFR
- Increased VC
Increased C(a-)O2
What kind of blood gas would you see in
MILD TO MODERATE STAGES
Acute Alveolar Hyperventilation with Hypoxemia (Acute Respiratory Alkalosis)
MILD TO MODERATE STAGES
Increased or decreased?
pH
Paco2
Pao2
HCO3
Increased
pH
Decreased
Paco2
Pao2
HCO3(slightly)
When tissue hypoxia is severe enough to produce lactic acid, the pH and _____ ? values will be lower than expected for a particular Paco2 level
HCO3
SEVERE STAGE
Acute Ventilatory Failure with Hypoxemia
(Acute Respiratory Acidosis)
Chest Assessment Findings
- Whispered pectoriloquy
- Increased tactile and vocal fremitus
- Dull percussion note
- Bronchial breath sounds
- Crackles and rhonchi
- Pleural friction rub (if process extends to pleural surface)
Tactile Fremitus and Vocal fremitus
Increased
Ausculation
- Bronchial breath sounds
- Crackles and rhonchi
- Pleural friction rub (if process extends to pleural surface)
Palpation
Dull percussion note
Chest Radiograph Findings
- Increased density
- Air bronchograms
- Pleural effusions
pneumonia that develops more than 48 to 72 hours after endotracheal intubation
Ventilator-acquired pneumonia
pneumonia that develops 48 hours or longer after admission to the hospital
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
nosocomial
Nosocomial pneumonia is estimated to account for more than __% of all respiratory infections
15%
pneumonia defined as a lower respiratory tract infection that is acquired outside of the hospital or during the first 48 hours of hospitalization
Community-acquired pneumonia
The most common cause of Community-acquired pneumonia is
Streptococcus.
is the major pulmonary infection seen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV infection.
Pneumocystis pneumonia
intracellular parasites possessing both ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Rickettsiae
Gram-Positive Organisms
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus
Gram-Negative Organisms
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
inhalation of aerosolized infectious particles
- tuberculosis
- histoplasmosis
- crypto coccosis
- blastomycosis
- Q. fever
- legionellosis
a lower respiratory tract infection that develops in the hospitalized patients more than 48 hours after admission
nosocomial pneumonia
hospital acquired pneumonia
Why is it imporatant to classify the source of infection?
It helps choose the anti-biotic or medication
Atypical organisms
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Chlamydia psittaci
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Viral causes
Influenzavirus Respiratory syncytial virus Parainfluenza virus Adenovirus Coronavirus (SARS)
Acquired pneumonia classification
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Nursing home–acquired pneumonia
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Vital signs
Increased
respiratory rate heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure
N or Increase
FEV1%
N or Decrease
FEVT
FEF25%-75%
MVV
VT
Normal
FEF50%
FEF200-1200
PEFR
RV/TLC%
Down Syndrome
FVC RV FRC TLC VC IC ERV
Mild to Moderate Pneumonia
Acute alveolar hyperventilation with hypoxemia
CT scan
Consolidation and bronchograms may be seen
Respiratory care treatment protocols
Oxygen therapy protocol
Bronchopulmonary hygiene therapy protocol
Medications and procedures commonly
prescribed by the physician
Antibiotics Analgesic agents Ribavirin aerosol Aerosolized pentamidine Thoracentesis
