Pnashev

Question 1

Methods of Quality Engineering

Answer 1

• QFD – customer requirementsvs. quality characteristics of products or services
• FMEA – risk analysis with regard to the fulfilment of
requirements
• DOE (Design of Experiment) – optimisation of products und processes by systematic experimentation
• SPC (Statistical Process Control) – regulation and improvement of processes by statistical models and
methods

Question 2

Quality Function Deployment

What does that mean?

Answer 2

• Q (= Quality): to plan the quality which is
required from the customer
• F (=Function): to ensure the required quality
across the enterprise
• D (=Deployment): effectively developing and
making practical use of one’s customer oriented strategy
• QFD is a planning method to translate customer’s requirements into requirements for developers.
• QFD is used during development projects. It tents to cover all customer
requirements and to translate them into measurable quality characteristics.
• QFD was developed in Japan in 1966 and it was used for the first time in 1972
by Mitsubishi

Question 3

Quality Function Deployment

The Approach

Answer 3

• Determining relevant customer groups
• Registering customer requirements (QFD-CR)
• Deducing quality characteristics (QFD-QC)
• Specification of target figures of the QFD-QC
• Checking interactions (e.g. office hours with number of employees)
• Comparison with the products and services of competitors

Question 4

QFD – the four phases by ASI

American Supplier Institute

Answer 4

1. Product planning
2. Component Planning
3. Proces planning
4. Production planning

Question 5

Quality Function Deployment

Pros and Cons

Answer 5

Pros
• systematic integration of customer requirements in the development
• competitiveness of concepts can be detected early
• it improves the internal information and communication flow
• number of subsequent changes can be reduced
• shorter development times for new products or services
Cons
• relatively high effort in terms of costs, time and man capacity
• tends to become highly complex (but by the use of IT, it can be controlled)
• risk of translation errors – often customer and developer do not share the
same language (internationalisation)

Question 6

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis

FMEA

Answer 6

structured tool for identifying, analysing, handling and
avoiding of risks.

There can be risks in products,
services, in their development,
production or allocation.
• The basic idea of
the FMEA is the
prevention of
errors in an early
Product Life Cycle (PLC)
phase

Question 7

FMEA

Essentials

Answer 7

• Content: risk analysis of products, processes, systems, etc.
• Starting point: a product, a process, a system but also a function
• Error definition: failure (negative effect, no function or malfunction, etc.)

Question 8

FMEA

Types

Answer 8

Product-FMEA (also called Design- or Development-FMEA)
• risk management for all products or for individual
modules or components of a product.
Process-FMEA
• risk management for production & assembly processes,
logistics or business processes in general.
• 4Ms ( ……………………………………. ) => starting point for possible failure!
System-FMEA
• risk management for complex systems,
• interaction of the individual system elements with each other,
• analysis of important functional relationships of the system elements.
• Application: Systems Engineering, Product and Process Development.
(Mensch, Maschine, Material & Mittel)
Man, M

Question 9

The method of reliability analysis

Answer 9

Bottom-Up ( Inductive) vs. Top-Down (Deductive)

Question 10

FMEA

Risk Prioritisation

Answer 10

Function of risk assessment = quantifying the severity of a failure, the
probability of its occurrence and its detection.
• The evaluation of the failure => Risk Priority Number (RPN) = (O) x (I) x (D)
• The evaluation of the individual items is made by a scale of 1 (»no risk«) und
10 (»highest risk«) => RPN Є (1, …, 1000).
• Exceed the Risk Priority Number (RPN) a predetermined value (for example
RPN > 125), improvement activities should be taken.
(O) = probability of occurrence (failure cause and frequency)
(I) = impact of the failure (severity)
(D) = probability of detection (… by the customer, after delivery)

Question 11

FMEA

Pros and Cons

Answer 11

Pros
• early detection of possible failures of a new product or service
• estimating and quantifying of risk resulting from possible failures
• implementation and evaluation of all possible activities for improvement
Cons
• relatively high costs and efforts
• the risk estimation is subjective
• the impact of individual failures can be detected, but not their interaction