Pna Flashcards
What is the definition of pneumonia?
Inflammation + consolidation
Inflammation of the VILLI leads to fluid red blood cells, leukocytes, macrophages, bacterial debris which leads to consolidation and eventually atelectasis
Epidemiology of pneumonia
Six leading cause of death and 65 and older
Leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children
Risk factors of pneumonia
COPD
asthma
smokers
heart disease
diabetes mellitus immunocompromised
Etiology
Bacteria
Viruses
fungi
protozoa
parasites
irritating chemicals
Bacteria classified based on their shape
Cocci: staphylo or Strepto
Bacillus
Spirilla
Vibrio
Viruses cause pneumonia by
Depressing immunity leading to secondary bacterial infections
Fungi cause pneumonia by
Fungal spores cause inflammation which leads to cavity formation if I process which leads to ILD patients complications and HIV patients complications
Examples of fungal spores that causes pneumonia
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiomycosis
Classification of Pneumonia
Per location
per Clinical setting in pathogen
Per location classification of pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Lobular pneumonia
Interstitial pneumonia
Double pneumonia
Walking pneumonia
Per clinical setting in pathogen classification of pneumonia
Community acquired typical
Community acquired a typical
Hospital acquired
Aspiration pneumonia
Chronic pneumonia
Bronco pneumonia affects what
Affects Sacramento bronchi and surrounding tissue
Lobular pneumonia affects what
Multiple segments of a particular long loop
Interstitial pneumonia affects what
Limited to the interstitium, diffuse usually mycoplasma, viruses
Double pneumonia affects what
Both lungs are involved
Walking pneumonia is also called
Mild pneumonia
Two types of hospital acquired pneumonia are
Healthcare associated pneumonia
Ventilator associated pneumonia
Clinical manifestations and clinical findings for pneumonia include
Fever, cough productive and non-productive, dyspnea, chest pain, hemptysis
Increase tactile fremitus
Vocal fremitus
Breath sounds
What are the breath sounds associate it with pneumonia patients
Crackles, rhonchi, bronchial sounds, whispered pectoriloque, pleural friction rub
Diagnostic finding associated with pneumonia
Plural effusion leads to empyema leads to thoracentesis
Bronchoscopy and drainage of abscess
Broncoalveolar lavage
Transbronchial biopsy
The different treatment options for pneumonia
Supportive
Medication
Specific treatment
 Supported treatments for pneumonia include
Oxygen
Nutrition
Medication treatment options for pneumonia
Antibiotic
Antifungals
Specific treatment options for pneumonia are
Surgical
Lung expansion
airway clearance
Criteria used to classify patients as immunocompromise in relation to pneumonia are
HIV
Malignancy
Organ transplant
Opportunistic pathogens
CD4 levels (< 200)
Examples of opportunistic pathogens in pneumonia
CMV
PCP
Myco
Avium
Aspergillosis
Candidiasis
Ways to prevent VAP
VAP Bundle
Elevated HOB
Daily SAT
Daily Oral Care
Causative agents for HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNA/ VAP
4-7 days admission
P. aeruginosa
MSSA (multiple drug resistant staphylococcus aureus)
E.coli
Serratia
Pneumococci
H. Influenza
Treatment options for immunocompromised with Hospital-Acquired PNA
