PMTP 1 Flashcards
application of the principles of natural, physical, and biological sciences to the
performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases.
Ruth Heinmann
branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health
Anne Fagelson
an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination of tissues, secretion, and excretion of the human body and body fluids
RA 5277
practice of performing laboratory procedures for analysis which will aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
Medical Technology
law that permitted the profession of being a medical technologist
RA 5527
day where ra 5527 was signed and approved
June 21, 1969
act of isolating the organisms; to cultivate bacteria
culture
can determine chemical components of urine with values
reagent strip
facility that performs chemical and microscopic examinations of various body fluids
Clinical Laboratory
ranking of laboratory staff
medical tech —> medtech —> pathologist
head of the clinical lab; confirms and validates results
Pathologist
medical detectives
operate on machines and troubleshoot
performs examinations
works under pressure
must be accurate and precise
adhere to ethical standards of performance
roles of a medical technologist
organization for medical technology students and public health students
Philippine Association of schools of Medical
Technology and Public Health, inc. (PASMETH)
only professional organization accredited by the PRC
PAMETH
described the four humors; father of medicine
Hippocrates
four humors
blood, phlegm yellow bile, black bile
oldest laboratory procedure
urinalysis
what did hindu physicians record?
sweet taste of diabetic urine and polyuria in diabetes
identified taenia and ascaris
vivian herrick
tapeworm
taenia
white worm
ascaris
lumbricoides
round worm
oldest persevered egyptian compilation of medical texts
ebers papyrus
number of pages in the ebers papyrus
110
introduced gravimetric analysis of urine using a 24-hour urine specimen
jean baptise van helmont
presented a test for the detection of protein based on boiling of specimen in the presence of acetic acid
frederick dekkers
first to describe red blood cells, protozoa, and classified bacteria according to shape; invented single lensed microscope
anton van leeuwenhoek
founder of pathology; contributed to embryology and anatomy
marcelo malphigi
german physician; founder of cellular pathology; stressed that most diseases come from the dysfunction of cells
rudolph virchow
era of public health
19th century
showed cholera was waterborne and brought the situation under control
john snow
discovered concept of anaerobic and aerobic; pasteurization; vaccine against anthrax
louis pasteur
performed first quantitative test for urine sugar (Fehling’s test)
hermann van fehling
used as a chemical test to differentiate between water-soluble aldehyde and ketone functional groups; used to screen glucose in urine (diabetes)
fehling’s test
further developed method of staining bacteria (gram stain)
hans christian joachim gram
created the method of gram staining
paul ehrlich
what did ehrlich use to stain cells
adline water and gentian violet
used as primary stain in gram staining
crystal violet
used as mordant in gram staining
iodine solution
used as decolorizer in gram staining
ethanol
first professor of pathology at john hopkins university; established a laboratory in bellevue hospital
dr william h welch
opened first clinical laboratory at john hopkins university
dr william osler
wrote “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis”
dr james c todd
edited and retitled “A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis” to Clinical Diagnosis and
Management by Laboratory Methods
john bernard henry
year the law requiring all hospitals to be equipped with adequate laboratory passed by pennsylvania state legislature
1915
offered medical technology as a degree program
university of minnesota
year medtech was offered as a course in the us
1923
closed system of blood was created; advanced instrumentation; automated equipment
world war II
month and year when training of high school graduates as laboratory technicians started
feb 1945
when was the first clinical laboratory created
january 9, 1945
who made the first clinical laboratory
26th medical infantry of the 6th us army
address of the first clinical laboratory
208 Quiricada st., sta. cruz, manila
current name of the first clinical laboratory
manila public health laboratory
recognized the 26th medical laboratory
dr pio de roda
first city health officer of manila
mr mariano icasiano
year training for high school and paramedical graduates was offered
1947
year medtech became a course in the philippines
1954
helped in the efforts of making medtech a course
pio de roda
prudencia sta ana
brioner
first graduate of PUC
dr jesse umali
first ph school to offer medtech as a 4-year course
philippine union college (PUC)
american med practicioner of the seventh day adventist church and founder of medtech education in the philippines
mrs. willa hilgert-hedrick
offered MT as an elective to pharmacy students
dr. antonio gabariel and dr. gustavo reyes
date MT was recognized as a course
june 14, 1961
date and year permist for internship for MT was issued
june 1960
offered MT as a separate course in UST
rev. fr. lorenzo rodriguez, op
old curriculum ched memorandum order for CMO
cmo no. 14 s. 2006
Guidelines for the Accreditation of Clinical
Laboratories Involved in the training of MLS/MT Interns memorandum
CMO no.6 s. 2008
Policy standards to enhance quality assurance in Philippine higher education through and OUTCOMES-BASED and TYPOLOGY BASED QA
CMO no.46 s. 2012
new curriculum ched memorandum order
CMO no.13 s. 2017
duration of internship in the old curriculum
6 months
total units for medical technology
173 units
number of hours for internship
1664
number of hours for first year to third year mt students
1728
clinical laboratory law
RA 4688
date RA 4688 was approved
june 18, 1966
laboratory operated and maintained by the national/local government or any political unit
government owned
laboratory operated by any individual corporation, association, or organization
private-owned
laboratory that includes Clinical Chemistry,
Hematology, Immunohematology, Microbiology, Immunology, Clinical Microscopy,
Endocrinology, Molecular Biology, Cytogenetics,
Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and other similar disciplines
clinical pathology
laboratory that includes Surgical Pathology, lmmunohistopathology, Cytology, Autopsy, Forensic Pathology and Molecular Pathology
anatomic pathology
laboratory that deals with the analysis of certain genes, proteins and other molecules in the samples from organs, tissues, or bodily fluids in order to diagnose disease and/ or to guide the prevention and treatment of diseases
molecular pathology
laboratory that operates within the premises and as part of an institution
institution-based
laboratory that isnt part of an institution
free-standing
laboratory that offers primary, secondary, tertiary, and limited service capability services
general clinical laboratory
offers highly specialized laboratory services that are not usually provided by a gcl
special clinical laboratory
level of clinical laboratory that offers the ff:
Clinical Microscopy
▪ Urinalysis
▪ Fecalysis
▪ Fecal Occult Blood Test
▪ Pregnancy Test (Rapid Test Kits-Lateral Flow)
▪ Wet Smear for Trichomonas
Clinical Chemistry
▪ Fasting and Random Blood Sugar
▪ Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
▪ Lipid Profile (Total Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides)
▪ Blood Urea Nitrogen
▪ Blood Uric Acid
Hematology
▪ Complete Blood Count (Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, RBC Count, WBC Count, Differential Count, Quantitative Platelet Count)
▪ Forward and Reverse ABO Grouping and Rh Typing
Serology/Immunology
▪ Dengue
▪ Syphilis
▪ Hepatitis B Screening
▪ HIV Screening
(Rapid test kits)
Microbiology
▪ TB (DSSM) or
nucleic acid
amplification – for
government
facilities
Primary
level that offers all primary and:
Clinical Chemistry
▪ Serum Electrolytes
(Na, K, C)
▪ ALT
▪ AST
Hematology (For hospital-
based)
▪ Coagulation Studies
(PT, aPTT)
Microbiology
▪ Gram Stain
▪ KOH
Anatomic Pathology
▪ Pap Smear
Secondary
level that offers primary and secondary and:
Clinical Chemistry
▪ Other Clinical Chemistry Examinations
▪ Hospital based: Arterial Blood gases
Serology-Immunology
▪ Any machine-based serological and
immunological testing such as, but not limited to: Tumor markers, thyroid function
tests and hepatitis profile
Microbiology
▪ Culture and sensitivity (aerobic and anaerobic)
Anatomic Pathology
▪ For hospital-based:
Cytology and
Histopathology
tertiary
provides laboratory tests required for a particular service in institutions such as dialysis centers and social hygiene centers
limited service capability laboratory
laboratory responsible for
- Confirmatory testing
- Surveillance
- Resolution of conflicting results
- Training and research
- Evaluation of diagnostic kits and
reagents - Maintain the National External
Quality Assessment Scheme
(NEQAS)
national reference laboratory
NRL for infections, microbiology, parasitology, and confirmatory testing for blood donors
Research institute for tropical medicine
NRL for HIV and AIDS
San Lazaro Hospital STD-AIDS Cooperative Center Laboratory (SACCL)
NRL for toxicology, environmental and occupational health, micronutrient assay
East avenue medical center
NRL for hematology, immunohematology, immunopathology, automated urinalysis, anatomic pathology for renal diseases and other
national kidney and transplant institute
NRL for clinical chemistry
lung center of the philippines
permanent testing site owned by a licensed laboratory but situated in a location some distance from the main laboratory
satellite testing sites
temporary testing location and operates within 10-km radius of the main lab
mobile clinical laboratories
criteria for renewal of license
satisfactory performance rating
basis for suspension or revocation of license
refusal to participate in EQAS NRL
how long are specimen files kept
1 yr old
how long are anatomic and forensic pathology files kept
permanent
min. working area space for primary
10 sq m
min. working area space for secondary
20 sq m
min. working area space for tertiary
60 sq m
improve access to quality diagnostic testing
laboratory information management system (LIMS)
phase of laboratory testing which occurs first and does: patient preparation, test ordering, specimen collection, processing, transport
pre-analytical phase
peaks 4-6am lowest 8pm-12am
cortisol
lower at night higher standing than supine
plasma renin activity
lower at night increased with stress
adrenocorticotropic hormone
lower at night
aldosterone and insulin
higher in afternoon and evening
growth hormone and acid phosphate
increases with exercise
thyroxine
higher with stress higher levels at 4am 8am 8pm and 10pm
prolactin
peaks early to late morning decreases to 30% during the day
iron
4% decrease supine
calcium
system for specimen transport to the laboratory
pneumatic tube transport of specimen
actual laboratory testing phase
analytical phase
Measures transmitted light by the analyte in solution
spectrophotometer
measurement of light scattered by a paniculate solution
nephelometry
measures light blocked as a decrease in the light transmitted through the solution
turbidimetry
Measures multiple properties of cells suspended in moving fluid medium; Used to count and sort cells as well as viral particles, DNA fragments, bacteria, and latex beads; uses laser light source
flow cytometry
90 degree scatter of light refers to
cell granularity
Technique where solutes in a sample
are separated for identification
based on physical differences that
allow their differential distribution
between a mobile phase and a
stationary phase
chromatography
inert gas or liquid
mobile phase
silica gel bound to a glass plate or plastic sheet
stationary phase
The stationary phase may be silica
gel that is coated onto a solid
surface such as a glass plate or
plastic sheet
thin layer chomatography
technique used to separate volatile solutes
gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
other type of chromatography
high-performance liquid chromatography
uses the principle of charged particles moving through a magnetic or electric field, with ions
being separated from other charged particles according to their mass-to-charge ratios; used for identifying drugs, amino acid composition of proteins, and steroids
mass spectrometry
based on light refraction
refractometry
ability of a substance to bend light; measured as difference between angle of incidence and angle of refraction
refractivity
hormone sensitive to light
ethylene auxin gibberlins
measurement of the osmolality of an aqueous solution
osmometry
measurement of the current or voltage generated by the activity of specific ions
electrochemistry
measurement of potential (voltage)
potentiometry
measures quantity of electricity (coulombs)
coulometry
measure of resulting current
voltammetry
measurement of current flow produced by oxidation-reduction reaction
amperometry
Separation of charged compounds based on their electrical charge; Used almost always to separate the proteins in serum, urine, and other body fluids (mainly cerebrospinal
fluid)
electrophoresis
flow of ions in electrophoresis
cations (+) to cathode (-)
anions (-) to anode (+)
technique used to quantitate the level of radioactive emissions from radiolabeled compounds
scintillation counter
test that uses antibody-antigen reaction
immunoassays
unlabeled immunoassay that involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible
precipitation reactions
unlabeled immunoassay where particulates antigens aggregate to form a larger complexes when a specific antibody is present
agglutination reaction
labelled immunoassay with radioactive substance (125I)
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
labelled immunoassay with enzymes (horseradish peroxidase)
enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
labelled immunoassay with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
fluorescence immunoassay (FIA)
labelled immunoassay with luminol compounds
chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA)
process to periodically examine a
measurement procedure to verify that it is performing according to pre-established specifications
quality control
comparing current test result by comparing a patient’s current test result to a previous result for the same analyte to identify lab errors
delta check
phase that includes the following:
o Review and analysis of results
o Recording and reporting of test results
o Storage and disposal of specimen
o Releasing of results
o Responsible personnel: MT, Section Supervisor, Chief MT, office clerk, or staff
post-analytic phase
