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Pmt Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is correlation

A

Shows an association or relationship but no causal link

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2
Q

How does smoking cause atherosclerosis

A

Nicotine stimulates adrenaline release which increases heart rate, high blood pressure damages endothelium and increases plaque formation and inflammatory response

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3
Q

Role of hdl

A

Transport/remove cholesterol from blood to liver

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4
Q

Explain causal relationship

A

A change in one variable directly results in change of another variable

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5
Q

Explain how structure of glycogen allows it to be an energy store
3 marks

A

Polymer of glucose
Provide glucose for respiration
Branched for rapid hydrolysis
Insoluble so no osmotic effect or compact

Any 3 of these 4 points

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6
Q

One side effect of statin use

A 
Any from
Liver damage
Muscle pain
Nausea 
Diabetes
Allergies
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7
Q

What is the heart muscle in walls of heart called

A

Cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Why do AV valves need to close

2

A

Ventricles need to contract and force blood to arteries

Valves close to prevent back flow into atria on contraction

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9
Q

Describe how transcription is involved in synthesis of enzyme
(4)

A

Dna unzips and hydrogen bonds between complementary strands broken
Antisense strands used for mRNA synthesis
RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides
Complementary base pairing of A with U and not T

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10
Q

Explain how partial permeability of surface membrane of cell allows osmosis to take place
(2)

A

Partially permeable membrane is a barrier to some solutes but not water
Enables a conc grad of solutes/water

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11
Q

Explain why CF patients have breathing difficulties

4

A 
Produces thicker mucus
Blocking trachea
Reduced flow of oxygen to alveoli
Reduced gas exchange
(Trapped bacteria-> respiratory infections)
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12
Q

Explain term recessive allele

3

A

Both alleles need to be present for recessive phenotype to be expressed
Different form of gene
Different base sequence

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13
Q

Explain molecular phylogeny

3

A

Molecular differences and similarities
In DNA
In proteins
Evolutionary relationship between organisms

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14
Q

Describe role of Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles in formation and transport of extracellular enzymes
(4)

A

Vesicle fuse/protein enters Golgi apparatus
Modification of protein in Golgi apparatus
Protein packaged into secretory vesicles
Vesicle fuse with cell membrane

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15
Q

Explain importance of nitrate ions for growth of plants

2

A

Amino acids or proteins
Used in synthesis of DNA
for cell division

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16
Q

Biodiversity

2

A

Variety of species in an ecosystem

Variety of alleles in gene pool

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17
Q

Explain how biodiversity of lemurs in 2 locations could be compared
(3)

A

Record number of species of lemur and number of individuals of each species
Calculate diversity index
Higher the index the greater the biodiversity
DNA profiling/molecular phylogeny
Any 3 of these 4

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18
Q

Compare and contrast structure of prokaryote and mitochondrion
(3)

A

Both ribosomes
Both circular DNA
Pro dont have double membrane, have a cell wall instead

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19
Q

Explain why there are more mitochondria in companion cell than sieve tube element
(2)

A

Role of sieve tube is to provide a channel so cellular contents are minimum
Sieve has no ability to carry out aerobic respiration
Energy supplied to sieve from companion cells via plasmodesmata

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20
Q

Mg deficiency effects on plant

3

A

Limits production of chlorophyll
Lack of glucose due to less photosynthesis
Yellow leaves or slowed growth

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21
Q

Why don’t plant cells don’t burst when placed in distilled water (by osmosis)
(2)

A

They have cell wall that resist expansion

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22
Q

Which molecule contains enzyme to hydrolyse ATP
Actin or myosin

A

Myosin globular heads bind and hydrolyse ATP

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23
Q

Define inherited recessive disorder
(2)

A

Caused by faulty allele and only expressed in homozygous/absence of normal allele

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24
Q

Which scan can identify size and location of brain tumour

CT, MRI

A

Both can

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25
Q

Why are phospholipids arrange in 2 layers
(3)

A

Hydrophilic region toward water
Hydrophobic away from water
Need 2 layers as aqueous solution either side of cell membrane as tissue fluid and cytoplasm

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26
Q

How PET scan used to investigate brain structure
(3)

A

Use radioactive tracers
PET scan detect emission of positrons and provide 3d image

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27
Q

Why does different mutation in CFTR gene can lead to differences in severity of CF
(3)

A

Different mutation have different effect on protein produced as in their structure
Cl ion transport affected by extent of changes to the protein
Varying the thickness and stickiness of mucus

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28
Q

How does brain reduce activity of sweat gland after exercise
(2)

A

Thermoreceptor detect decrease in temp
Hypothalamus send fewer impulses to sweat gland

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29
Q

How is too much excercise harmful to body

(4)

A

Wear and tear of joints
Joint damage
Immune system suppression and increased risk of infection

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30
Q

Compare and contrast structure of actin filament and collagen

Actin filament is polymer of repeating globular protein units

(3)

A

Only actin has tertiary structure
Collagen has 3 chains whereas actin has 1 chain
Both made of sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bond
Both have secondary structure/ both have more than 1 polypeptide chain

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31
Q

How does troponin and tropomyosin allow muscle contraction

A

Troponin changes shape
Causing tropomyosin to move away from myosin binding site on actin

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32
Q

Explain how genetically identical cell can differentiate to different tissues
(3)

A

Presence of different stimuli (TF or chemical stimuli)
Different gene being activated
Different protein made
Proteins produced determine function of cell

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33
Q

Explain how compare sizes of cell in a area with size of xylem vessel
(3)

A

Xylem identified as hollow/lignified
Size of cell measure using stage micrometer and eye piece graticule
Length of cell measured and repeat and then find means to compare
Calc by divide image size by magnification

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34
Q

Why is liver organ and not tissue
(2)

A

Made of many different tissues
Carry out several different functions

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35
Q

Explain role of carrier molecules in ETC

(3)

A

Receive H from reduced NAD and FAD
Break H into proton and electron
Electron transferred by series of redox reactions
Energy released used to pump H ions into inter-membrane space

36
Q

Explain why identical twins used in investigation
(2)

A

Have same genome
Differences in twins due to environmental factors

Ignore allow same gene/DNA

37
Q

How does habituation affect synapse to differ
(4)

A

Reduce permeability of presynaptic membrane to Ca and fewer enter pre synaptic neurone
Fewer vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane
Less neurotransmitter bind to receptor on post synaptic membrane
AP may jot occur in postsynaptic neurone as not depolarised and sodium channel not open

38
Q

Role of sodium ions in functioning of rod cell
(4)

A

Sodium ions are pumped out of rod cell
In light Na ion dont move back into rod cell but in dark they can move back into rod cell
In light, rod cell is hyper-polarised and in dark rod is depolarised

39
Q

Structure and proprry of fibrous protein

(5)

A

Little tertiary structure
Made of long polypeptides
Repeating amino acid sequence
Insoluble
Tough

40
Q

Give reason for people having different lung volumes in population
(2)

A

Different height/sex/age

41
Q

Reason for calc SA:V ratio in lung

(1)

A

To allow comparison and show differences

42
Q

Why can ions dissolved in blood
(3)

A

Water is in blood
Ions are charged
Dipole nature of water so it can interact with ions

Ignore H bond

43
Q

Decribe how antigen present to immune cell
(3)

A

Phagocyte engulf virus containing antigen
Antigen presented on surface of antigen presenting cell/phagocyte
T cell have receptor that are complementary to particular antigen

44
Q

Explain how muscle contract after actin mysoin binding site exposed
(4)

A

Myosin head bind to the site
Myosin change shape/head nods oe

Actin filament slide over myosin
Shorten sarcomere
ATP hydrolysed/Ca2+ activates ATPase

45
Q

Why does diet based on plant produce lower GHG emissions than animal diet

(3)

A

Plants photosynthesis and produce biomass
Plants are carbon neutral
Animals respire more and release more CO2
Some animal produce methane

46
Q

How can age of peat bog layers be determined
1 mark

A

Carbon dating or deeper the layer the older it is

47
Q

Explain why peat bog conditions prevent decomposition
(3)

A

Anaerobic conditions, less aerobic respiration by decomposers
Acidic conditions inhibit enzymes
Cant break down organic material

48
Q

Explain inheritance of parental characteristic in offspring

A

DNA in nucleus come from sperm and egg of parent
Characteristics determined by DNA in nucleus will be inherited from parents

49
Q

Explain why TB bacteria can be dormant and not destroyed
(3)

A

Bacteria in phagocyte
Bacteria have thick waxy cell wall
Lysosome not fuse with phagocytic vacuole
Bacteria in tubercles

50
Q

Polygenic meaning

(2)

A

Characteristic causing continuous variation
Caused by multiple genes at different loci

51
Q

Describe decision that society makes abt embryonic stem cell use

(3)

A

Totipotent and used in a wide range of therapies
Source of stem cell needs to be regulated
Moral issue as stem cell destroys embryo
Licensing of research establishments

52
Q

Stem cell definition
(3)

A

Undifferentiated cell
Can give rise to specialised cells
Calls capable of unlimited cell division

53
Q

Compare/contrast mitosis and meiosis
(4)

A

Both increase number of cells
Mitosis is diploid, meiosis is haploid
Mitosis is 2 genetically identical cells bit meiosis is 4 non identical cells

54
Q

Sex linked disorder meaning
(2)

A

Caused by mutated gene on sex chromosome

55
Q

Explained why sex linked disorder not calc using hardy Weinberg

(2)

A

Males have only one allele for the gene
Males not heterozygotes
H-W assumes all individual have 2 alleles for gene

56
Q

Why is there a difference in thickness of aorta wall and vena cava
(2)

A

More elastic tissue to allow recoil
More collagen to withstand high pressure
More muscle tissue to maintain pressure in aorta

57
Q

At start of exercise breath rate increases
How
(3)

A

Exercise initiates impulses from stretch receptors in muscle
Impulse sent to respiratory centre/medulla oblongata
Lead to increased impulse to intercostal muscles

58
Q

Explain how immune system involved in donor tissue rejection
(4)

A

Donated tissue act as antigen
They are presented by macrophages leading to activation of t helper cells
Then leading to activation of t killer cells destroying the transplanted tissue

59
Q

Ethical issues of using embryonic stem cell
(3)

A

They have potential to develop into human
They are unable to give consent
Potential benefit outweighs disadvantages

60
Q

Explain how epigenetic changes affect activation in daughter cells

(3)

A

Genes activated in parent cell because of histone modification and acetylation
Same genes activated in daughter cell

61
Q

Role of ldl in atherosclerosis
(3)

A

Ldl carry cholesterol in blood
Plaque formation in artery wall

62
Q

Explain how changes in blood vessel result in redness and swelling at inflammation
(4)

A

Histamine released which cause vasodilation which increase blood flow to site
Also increase permeability of capillaries allowing blood plasma to leave capillary and enter tissue and swell

63
Q

What is gene
(2)

A

Sequence of bases in dna that codes for amino acids in polypeptide chain

64
Q

Describe how primary structure of protein enables solubility in water
(3)

A

Primary structure determines folding of polypeptide and forming globular structure
Hydrophobic part inside and hydrophilic part outside protein
Water forms H bond with protein

65
Q

Explain how a adaptation evolved in a particular species
(3)

A

Variation in gene
Mutation result in production of adaptation
It is advantageous
Species survive reproduce and pass on allele and increase its frequency

66
Q

Explain reforestation used to minimise climate change
(3)

A

Plant more trees so more co2 taken in by photosynthesis
Reduce co2 conc in atmosphere which slows rate of global warming

67
Q

Relationship between structure and function of granum in photosynthesis
(3)

A

Stacks of thylakoid provide large SA
they contain chlorophyll to absorb light
Electron carrier molecules in thylakoid involved in atp production

68
Q

How is starch formed from products of light independent reaction
(4)

A

2 triose phosphate to produce glucose
Glucose joined by condensation reaction joined by glycosidic bond to form starch producing amylose and amylopectin

69
Q

Explain how TF could activate insulin gene expression
(3)

A

Interaction between TF and promoter region
RNA polymerase binds to promoter region
mRNA produced for insulin gene

70
Q

Deduce how amputated prosthetic limbs work on lower leg
(1)

A

Muscle still attached to bone in lower leg and prosthetic limb is attached to lower leg allowing movement

71
Q

Cerebrum functions
(2)

A

Vision
Emotions

72
Q

How can fMRI used to identify part of brain involved in a particular function
(3)

A

It detects blood flow to brain
Increased brain activity results in increased blood flow to that area
fMRI detects areas where less signal is absorbed

73
Q

Describe role of visual stimulation on development of visual cortex during critical period
(3)

A

Ocular dominance columns in visual cortex
Neurones form synapse with these columns
Stimuli along neurone required to strengthen connections
Stimulation in critical period needed to form effective connections in visual cortex

74
Q

Role of dendrite in a neurone
(3)

A

Form connections with other neurones
Receive impulses from other neurones
Involved in summation
Initiate AP to cell body

75
Q

What happens to lysosome once their content have been digested
(2)

A

Fuse with cell membrane
Contents released from cell by exocytosis

76
Q

Explain how human genome used to identify mutation related to a disorder
(3)

A

Sequence genome of people with and without condition and compare base sequence to identify the mutations found only in individuals with condition

77
Q

Describe function of enzymes used to genetically modify bacteria
(4)

A

Restriction enzyme to cut plasmid forming sticky ends
Ligase enzyme used to add isolated gene to plasmid
Ligase form phosphodiester bond between nucleotides
Recombinant plasmid produced

78
Q

Conpare contrast structure of virus and bacteria
(3)

A

Both have genetic material (ignore dna) or phospholipid bilayer
Only bacteria have flagellum
Only virus has capsid

79
Q

Describe process that occur at synapse that leads to habituation
(4)

A

Repeated stimulus decrease sensitivity of presynaptic membrane so fewer ca2+ move into presynaptic neurone
So fewer vesicle release neurotransmitter by exocytosis
Less likely depolarisation to happen in postsynaptic neurone

80
Q

How does adrenaline increase hear rate
(4)

A

Adrenaline in blood increase frequency of impulses on san
Increase heart rate

81
Q

Explain how iaa affects growth
(4)

A

Iaa diffuse from tip so taken up by cells in zone of elongation
Causing cell to elongate by lowering pH of cellulose cell wall
Positive phototropism

82
Q

Risks of gmo

A

Transfer of antibiotic resistance gene to other organism
Long term health risks??

83
Q

Compare contrast structure of motor and sensory neurone
(4)

A

Both have cell body with nucleus and have axons
Both have dendrite on one end and terminal branches at other
Difference is location of cell body

84
Q

Structural difference between fast and slow twitch fibre
(2)

A

Fast have no mitochondria and few capillaries

85
Q

Explain how structure of muscle fibre allows it to be specialised
(3)

A

T tubules to allow depolarisation to transfer to sarcoplasmic reticulum so release calcium ions
Lots of mitochondria for aerobic respiration
Have myofibrils allowing contraction

86
Q

Describe how tertiary structure of myosin related to its function
(3)

A

Folded into specific shape with globular head and can bind to actin
Has a site that can bind with atp
Straight to form a bundle with other myosin molecules

87
Q

Why CF affects rate of oxygen uptake in lungs
(3)

A

Thick mucus
Which cant be moved by cilia hair
Restrict airflow to bronchi
Reduce SA for gas exchange in alveoli

Bio Exam Qs (1 decks)

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