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Bio Exam Qs > Pmt > Flashcards

Pmt Flashcards

1
Q

What is correlation

A

Shows an association or relationship but no causal link

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2
Q

How does smoking cause atherosclerosis

A

Nicotine stimulates adrenaline release which increases heart rate, high blood pressure damages endothelium and increases plaque formation and inflammatory response

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3
Q

Role of hdl

A

Transport/remove cholesterol from blood to liver

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4
Q

Explain causal relationship

A

A change in one variable directly results in change of another variable

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5
Q

Explain how structure of glycogen allows it to be an energy store
3 marks

A

Polymer of glucose
Provide glucose for respiration
Branched for rapid hydrolysis
Insoluble so no osmotic effect or compact

Any 3 of these 4 points

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6
Q

One side effect of statin use

A 
Any from
Liver damage
Muscle pain
Nausea 
Diabetes
Allergies
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7
Q

What is the heart muscle in walls of heart called

A

Cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Why do AV valves need to close

2

A

Ventricles need to contract and force blood to arteries

Valves close to prevent back flow into atria on contraction

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9
Q

Describe how transcription is involved in synthesis of enzyme
(4)

A

Dna unzips and hydrogen bonds between complementary strands broken
Antisense strands used for mRNA synthesis
RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides
Complementary base pairing of A with U and not T

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10
Q

Explain how partial permeability of surface membrane of cell allows osmosis to take place
(2)

A

Partially permeable membrane is a barrier to some solutes but not water
Enables a conc grad of solutes/water

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11
Q

Explain why CF patients have breathing difficulties

4

A 
Produces thicker mucus
Blocking trachea
Reduced flow of oxygen to alveoli
Reduced gas exchange
(Trapped bacteria-> respiratory infections)
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12
Q

Explain term recessive allele

3

A

Both alleles need to be present for recessive phenotype to be expressed
Different form of gene
Different base sequence

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13
Q

Explain molecular phylogeny

3

A

Molecular differences and similarities
In DNA
In proteins
Evolutionary relationship between organisms

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14
Q

Describe role of Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles in formation and transport of extracellular enzymes
(4)

A

Vesicle fuse/protein enters Golgi apparatus
Modification of protein in Golgi apparatus
Protein packaged into secretory vesicles
Vesicle fuse with cell membrane

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15
Q

Explain importance of nitrate ions for growth of plants

2

A

Amino acids or proteins
Used in synthesis of DNA
for cell division

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16
Q

Biodiversity

2

A

Variety of species in an ecosystem

Variety of alleles in gene pool

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17
Q

Explain how biodiversity of lemurs in 2 locations could be compared
(3)

A

Record number of species of lemur and number of individuals of each species
Calculate diversity index
Higher the index the greater the biodiversity
DNA profiling/molecular phylogeny
Any 3 of these 4

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18
Q

Compare and contrast structure of prokaryote and mitochondrion
(3)

A

Both ribosomes
Both circular DNA
Pro dont have double membrane, have a cell wall instead

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19
Q

Explain why there are more mitochondria in companion cell than sieve tube element
(2)

A

Role of sieve tube is to provide a channel so cellular contents are minimum
Sieve has no ability to carry out aerobic respiration
Energy supplied to sieve from companion cells via plasmodesmata

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20
Q

Mg deficiency effects on plant

3

A

Limits production of chlorophyll
Lack of glucose due to less photosynthesis
Yellow leaves or slowed growth

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21
Q

Why don’t plant cells don’t burst when placed in distilled water (by osmosis)
(2)

A

They have cell wall that resist expansion

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22
Q

Which molecule contains enzyme to hydrolyse ATP
Actin or myosin

A

Myosin globular heads bind and hydrolyse ATP

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23
Q

Define inherited recessive disorder
(2)

A

Caused by faulty allele and only expressed in homozygous/absence of normal allele

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24
Q

Which scan can identify size and location of brain tumour

CT, MRI

A

Both can

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25
Why are phospholipids arrange in 2 layers (3)
Hydrophilic region toward water Hydrophobic away from water Need 2 layers as aqueous solution either side of cell membrane as tissue fluid and cytoplasm
26
How PET scan used to investigate brain structure (3)
Use radioactive tracers PET scan detect emission of positrons and provide 3d image
27
Why does different mutation in CFTR gene can lead to differences in severity of CF (3)
Different mutation have different effect on protein produced as in their structure Cl ion transport affected by extent of changes to the protein Varying the thickness and stickiness of mucus
28
How does brain reduce activity of sweat gland after exercise (2)
Thermoreceptor detect decrease in temp Hypothalamus send fewer impulses to sweat gland
29
How is too much excercise harmful to body (4)
Wear and tear of joints Joint damage Immune system suppression and increased risk of infection
30
Compare and contrast structure of actin filament and collagen Actin filament is polymer of repeating globular protein units (3)
Only actin has tertiary structure Collagen has 3 chains whereas actin has 1 chain Both made of sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bond Both have secondary structure/ both have more than 1 polypeptide chain
31
How does troponin and tropomyosin allow muscle contraction
Troponin changes shape Causing tropomyosin to move away from myosin binding site on actin
32
Explain how genetically identical cell can differentiate to different tissues (3)
Presence of different stimuli (TF or chemical stimuli) Different gene being activated Different protein made Proteins produced determine function of cell
33
Explain how compare sizes of cell in a area with size of xylem vessel (3)
Xylem identified as hollow/lignified Size of cell measure using stage micrometer and eye piece graticule Length of cell measured and repeat and then find means to compare Calc by divide image size by magnification
34
Why is liver organ and not tissue (2)
Made of many different tissues Carry out several different functions
35
Explain role of carrier molecules in ETC (3)
Receive H from reduced NAD and FAD Break H into proton and electron Electron transferred by series of redox reactions Energy released used to pump H ions into inter-membrane space
36
Explain why identical twins used in investigation (2)
Have same genome Differences in twins due to environmental factors Ignore allow same gene/DNA
37
How does habituation affect synapse to differ (4)
Reduce permeability of presynaptic membrane to Ca and fewer enter pre synaptic neurone Fewer vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane Less neurotransmitter bind to receptor on post synaptic membrane AP may jot occur in postsynaptic neurone as not depolarised and sodium channel not open
38
Role of sodium ions in functioning of rod cell (4)
Sodium ions are pumped out of rod cell In light Na ion dont move back into rod cell but in dark they can move back into rod cell In light, rod cell is hyper-polarised and in dark rod is depolarised
39
Structure and proprry of fibrous protein (5)
Little tertiary structure Made of long polypeptides Repeating amino acid sequence Insoluble Tough
40
Give reason for people having different lung volumes in population (2)
Different height/sex/age
41
Reason for calc SA:V ratio in lung (1)
To allow comparison and show differences
42
Why can ions dissolved in blood (3)
Water is in blood Ions are charged Dipole nature of water so it can interact with ions Ignore H bond
43
Decribe how antigen present to immune cell (3)
Phagocyte engulf virus containing antigen Antigen presented on surface of antigen presenting cell/phagocyte T cell have receptor that are complementary to particular antigen
44
Explain how muscle contract after actin mysoin binding site exposed (4)
Myosin head bind to the site Myosin change shape/head nods oe Actin filament slide over myosin Shorten sarcomere ATP hydrolysed/Ca2+ activates ATPase
45
Why does diet based on plant produce lower GHG emissions than animal diet (3)
Plants photosynthesis and produce biomass Plants are carbon neutral Animals respire more and release more CO2 Some animal produce methane
46
How can age of peat bog layers be determined 1 mark
Carbon dating or deeper the layer the older it is
47
Explain why peat bog conditions prevent decomposition (3)
Anaerobic conditions, less aerobic respiration by decomposers Acidic conditions inhibit enzymes Cant break down organic material
48
Explain inheritance of parental characteristic in offspring
DNA in nucleus come from sperm and egg of parent Characteristics determined by DNA in nucleus will be inherited from parents
49
Explain why TB bacteria can be dormant and not destroyed (3)
Bacteria in phagocyte Bacteria have thick waxy cell wall Lysosome not fuse with phagocytic vacuole Bacteria in tubercles
50
Polygenic meaning (2)
Characteristic causing continuous variation Caused by multiple genes at different loci
51
Describe decision that society makes abt embryonic stem cell use (3)
Totipotent and used in a wide range of therapies Source of stem cell needs to be regulated Moral issue as stem cell destroys embryo Licensing of research establishments
52
Stem cell definition (3)
Undifferentiated cell Can give rise to specialised cells Calls capable of unlimited cell division
53
Compare/contrast mitosis and meiosis (4)
Both increase number of cells Mitosis is diploid, meiosis is haploid Mitosis is 2 genetically identical cells bit meiosis is 4 non identical cells
54
Sex linked disorder meaning (2)
Caused by mutated gene on sex chromosome
55
Explained why sex linked disorder not calc using hardy Weinberg (2)
Males have only one allele for the gene Males not heterozygotes H-W assumes all individual have 2 alleles for gene
56
Why is there a difference in thickness of aorta wall and vena cava (2)
More elastic tissue to allow recoil More collagen to withstand high pressure More muscle tissue to maintain pressure in aorta
57
At start of exercise breath rate increases How (3)
Exercise initiates impulses from stretch receptors in muscle Impulse sent to respiratory centre/medulla oblongata Lead to increased impulse to intercostal muscles
58
Explain how immune system involved in donor tissue rejection (4)
Donated tissue act as antigen They are presented by macrophages leading to activation of t helper cells Then leading to activation of t killer cells destroying the transplanted tissue
59
Ethical issues of using embryonic stem cell (3)
They have potential to develop into human They are unable to give consent Potential benefit outweighs disadvantages
60
Explain how epigenetic changes affect activation in daughter cells (3)
Genes activated in parent cell because of histone modification and acetylation Same genes activated in daughter cell
61
Role of ldl in atherosclerosis (3)
Ldl carry cholesterol in blood Plaque formation in artery wall
62
Explain how changes in blood vessel result in redness and swelling at inflammation (4)
Histamine released which cause vasodilation which increase blood flow to site Also increase permeability of capillaries allowing blood plasma to leave capillary and enter tissue and swell
63
What is gene (2)
Sequence of bases in dna that codes for amino acids in polypeptide chain
64
Describe how primary structure of protein enables solubility in water (3)
Primary structure determines folding of polypeptide and forming globular structure Hydrophobic part inside and hydrophilic part outside protein Water forms H bond with protein
65
Explain how a adaptation evolved in a particular species (3)
Variation in gene Mutation result in production of adaptation It is advantageous Species survive reproduce and pass on allele and increase its frequency
66
Explain reforestation used to minimise climate change (3)
Plant more trees so more co2 taken in by photosynthesis Reduce co2 conc in atmosphere which slows rate of global warming
67
Relationship between structure and function of granum in photosynthesis (3)
Stacks of thylakoid provide large SA they contain chlorophyll to absorb light Electron carrier molecules in thylakoid involved in atp production
68
How is starch formed from products of light independent reaction (4)
2 triose phosphate to produce glucose Glucose joined by condensation reaction joined by glycosidic bond to form starch producing amylose and amylopectin
69
Explain how TF could activate insulin gene expression (3)
Interaction between TF and promoter region RNA polymerase binds to promoter region mRNA produced for insulin gene
70
Deduce how amputated prosthetic limbs work on lower leg (1)
Muscle still attached to bone in lower leg and prosthetic limb is attached to lower leg allowing movement
71
Cerebrum functions (2)
Vision Emotions
72
How can fMRI used to identify part of brain involved in a particular function (3)
It detects blood flow to brain Increased brain activity results in increased blood flow to that area fMRI detects areas where less signal is absorbed
73
Describe role of visual stimulation on development of visual cortex during critical period (3)
Ocular dominance columns in visual cortex Neurones form synapse with these columns Stimuli along neurone required to strengthen connections Stimulation in critical period needed to form effective connections in visual cortex
74
Role of dendrite in a neurone (3)
Form connections with other neurones Receive impulses from other neurones Involved in summation Initiate AP to cell body
75
What happens to lysosome once their content have been digested (2)
Fuse with cell membrane Contents released from cell by exocytosis
76
Explain how human genome used to identify mutation related to a disorder (3)
Sequence genome of people with and without condition and compare base sequence to identify the mutations found only in individuals with condition
77
Describe function of enzymes used to genetically modify bacteria (4)
Restriction enzyme to cut plasmid forming sticky ends Ligase enzyme used to add isolated gene to plasmid Ligase form phosphodiester bond between nucleotides Recombinant plasmid produced
78
Conpare contrast structure of virus and bacteria (3)
Both have genetic material (ignore dna) or phospholipid bilayer Only bacteria have flagellum Only virus has capsid
79
Describe process that occur at synapse that leads to habituation (4)
Repeated stimulus decrease sensitivity of presynaptic membrane so fewer ca2+ move into presynaptic neurone So fewer vesicle release neurotransmitter by exocytosis Less likely depolarisation to happen in postsynaptic neurone
80
How does adrenaline increase hear rate (4)
Adrenaline in blood increase frequency of impulses on san Increase heart rate
81
Explain how iaa affects growth (4)
Iaa diffuse from tip so taken up by cells in zone of elongation Causing cell to elongate by lowering pH of cellulose cell wall Positive phototropism
82
Risks of gmo
Transfer of antibiotic resistance gene to other organism Long term health risks??
83
Compare contrast structure of motor and sensory neurone (4)
Both have cell body with nucleus and have axons Both have dendrite on one end and terminal branches at other Difference is location of cell body
84
Structural difference between fast and slow twitch fibre (2)
Fast have no mitochondria and few capillaries
85
Explain how structure of muscle fibre allows it to be specialised (3)
T tubules to allow depolarisation to transfer to sarcoplasmic reticulum so release calcium ions Lots of mitochondria for aerobic respiration Have myofibrils allowing contraction
86
Describe how tertiary structure of myosin related to its function (3)
Folded into specific shape with globular head and can bind to actin Has a site that can bind with atp Straight to form a bundle with other myosin molecules
87
Why CF affects rate of oxygen uptake in lungs (3)
Thick mucus Which cant be moved by cilia hair Restrict airflow to bronchi Reduce SA for gas exchange in alveoli

Bio Exam Qs (1 decks)

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