PMLS1 Flashcards
He invented the compound microscope.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
He’s the greatest of the early microscopist.
Marcelo Malpighi
The discoveries in using Anton Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope.
Describe RBC, see
protozoa, and classify
bacteria according to
shape
He is one of the youngest
medical specialists, and the one who described the leukemia disease.
Rudolf Virchow
He established lab in the
Bellevue Hospital Medical College (1878). He also offered the 1st course in pathology.
William H. Welch
It was written by James C. Todd then it was renamed to Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods which became the standard reference for laboratories.
Manual of Clinical Diagnosis
An event that played an important Factor
in the growth of clinical labs and produced
a great demand for technicians.
WW1
One of the 1st schools for training workers, it issued a course bulletin entitled: “courses in Medical Technology for clinical and laboratory Technicians” in 1992.
University of Minnesota
Two important events that paved the way for
Medical laboratory practice in the Philippines
The opening of Suez Canal and The outbreak of World War II
The University of Pennsylvania’s William
Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine was
opened to highlight the service role of clinical
laboratories
1895
John Kolmer - Certification of Medical
Technology nation scale
1918
Administrative units of clinical laboratories
in large hospitals were directed by a chief
physician
1920
American Society for Clinical Pathology
(ASCP) was founded of encouraging the
cooperation between Physicians and Clinical
Pathologist
1922
Medical Technology in the US sought
professional recognition from the government of
their educational qualifications thru licensure laws
1950
First hospital Spaniards established -
Hospital Real in Cebu, was moved to Manila to
cater to Military Patients.
1565
Franciscans built San Lazaro Hospital for
the poor and lepers.
1578
Hospital de San Juan de Dios
1596
Hospital de San Jose was founded in
Cavite
1641
Dominicans founded the UST
1611
UST established first faculties of Pharmacy
and Medicine
1871
First Provincial Medical Officer were
appointed.
1876
Establishment of Board of Health and
Charity
1883 -1886
Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was
established - testing for food, water, and clinical
samples.
1887
Established Bureau of Government
Laboratories
1901
The 26th Medical Laboratory US Army introduced the practice of medical technology in the Philippines by establishing the first clinical laboratory at Quiricada Street, Santa Cruz, Manila where the Manila Public Health Laboratory was now located.
1944-1945 (End of WWII)
Training programs were offered to
high school graduates by the clinical Laboratory.
1944, February
The US Army left the clinical
laboratory to the Department of Health (DOH) but
the latter rendered it non-functional for some time.
1945, June
Dr. Pio de Roda formally
organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory
from the remnants of the clinical laboratory. He
was assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano, Manila
City Health Officer.
1945, October 1
Dr. de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
revived the training of high school graduates to
work as medical technicians, but with no definite
period of the training set and no certificates given
to trainees, eventually disinterested them.
1947
A six-month laboratory training with a
certificate upon completion was given to trainees.
Dr. Sta. Ana prepared the syllabus for the
training program Dr. Tirso Briones also joined
Dr. De Roda and Sta. Ana in the said training
program.
1954
Founder of Medical Technology Education
in the Philippines
Willa Hilgert-Hedrick
The five-year curriculum leading to the
degree BS in Medical Technology of the Philippine
Union College (PUC) and the Manila Sanitarium
was approved by the Department of Education,
Culture, and Sports (DECS)
1954
PUC produced its first graduate - Dr.
Jesse Umali who became a successful OB
Gynecologist and owner of Omega Laboratory at
Vito Cruz, Manila,
1956
Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Santo Tomas (UST) offered medical technology as an elective subject to 4th and 5th Years BS Pharmacy students.
1957-1958
He decided to offer medical technology as a course at UST because of
its popularity among pharmacy students.
Rev. Fr. Lorenzo Rodriquez
A temporary permit was issued
to UST by DECS for the first third-year students.
1957, June 17
The permit for the internship
program was issued to UST.
1960, June
The full recognition of the four-year BS Medical Technology was given to
UST.
1961, June 14
Centro Escolar University (CEU), thru
Purificacion Sunico-Suaco, after the approval of
Carmen de Luna, President, offered BS Medical
Technology. The first graduates of CEU were in
1962.
1960
Far Eastern University (FEU) started its
school of medical technology, thru Dr. Horacio
lagan Ylagan and Dr. Serafin Juliano after the
approval of Dr. Lauro Panganiban and Dr.
Jesus Nolasco, Dean and Secretary of the FEU
Institute of Medicine.
1961
FEU formally opened its school of
medical technology after the Bureau of Education
approved its application.
1962, July 5
An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which
deals with the examination by various chemical
microscopic bacteriologic, and other medical
laboratory procedures or technique which will aid
the physician in the diagnosis, study, and
treatment of disease and in the promotion of health
in general (RA 5527, Sec. 2)
Medical Technology
Registration of MT, Defining
their practice or other purposes.
RA 5527, Sec. 2
They analyzes body fluids for many diverse
proteins, sugars, enzymes, lipids,
hormones, and drugs. They also do AST or Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Testing.
CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENTIST OR
TECHNICIAN
Blank means cells.
Cyto
They examines cell samples on slides to
determine the presence of benign or
cancerous diseases
CYTOTECHNOLOGIST
Blank means tissue
Histo
Sections, stains, and analyzes tissues
from surgery for examination by a
Pathologist.
HISTOTECHNOLOGIST OR
HISTOTECHNICIAN
He/she is the head of the
laboratory(a Medical Doctor who detects
diseases, pathogens, and different
diseases in tissues and cells.
Pathologist
● They collect blood specimens from patients
● Are careful and accurate in processing
samples
● Are excellent communicators with patients.
PHLEBOTOMIST
A facility where tests are done on specimens from the human body to
obtain information about the health status of a patient for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
The Clinical Laboratory
An Act Regulating the Operation and
Maintenance of Clinical Laboratories
and Requiring the Registration of the
Same with the Department of Health,
Providing Penalty for the Violation
Thereof and for other Purposes
Republic Act No. 4688 Clinical
Laboratory Act of 1966
Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure
and Regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines.
DOH Administrative Order No.
2007-0027
THE TESTING PROCESS
● Collection of the specimen
● Testing of the specimen
● Releasing of the lab results
This phase may include specimen
handling issues that occur even prior to
the time the specimen is received in the
laboratory.
Pre-analytical
Preanalytical Variables:
● Selection of the assay/test relative to the
patient needs
● Implementation of assay/test selection
● Patient identification and preparation
● Specimen collection (blood collection)
● Specimen transport, preparation, storage
● Monitoring of specimen condition.
This phase includes what is usually
considered the “actual” laboratory testing
or the diagnostic procedures, and
processes. and products that ultimately
provide results.
Analytical
3 components of the analytical phase;
- Equipments-reliable, good maintenance
- Examination Procedure – Ex: CBC
- Quality of examination – all are in proper
procedure.
6 Analytical Variables
● Instrument selection
● Equipment selection
● Assay/test validation
● Laboratory staff competence
● External and Internal quality control
● Quality control test- run the machine for
testing.
This phase culminates in the production of
a final value, result, or the case of
histology, a diagnostic pathology report.
Post-analytical
5 Post-analytical Variables
● Accuracy and transcription and filing of
test results.
● Content and format of lab report
● Timeliness in communicating test critical
values to patient and physician.
● *critical value – the value of something
that is far away or less than the normal
range value.
● TAT – Turn Around Time – the time
interval between the specimen received in
the lab to the time of releasing the lab
result or report. (1 hour).
A laboratory testing unit that moves from
the testing site to another testing site or
has a temporary testing location. It shall
have a base laboratory.
Mobile Clinical Laboratory
Any testing site that performs laboratory examinations under the administrative
control of a licensed laboratory but performed outside the physical confines of
that laboratory.
Satellite Testing Site
An individual doctor’s office or clinic wherein
laboratory examinations are performed
THE PHYSICIAN’S OFFICE LABORATORY
A diagnostic testing at or near the site of
patient care rather than in the clinical
laboratory. It includes bedside testing,
outpatient, and home care.
Point of Care Testing (POCT)
A laboratory in a government hospital
designated by the DOH to provide special
functions and services for specific disease
areas. It may or may not be a part of a
general Clinical Laboratory.
THE NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORY
It provides referral services such as
confirmatory testing surveillance,
resolution of conflicting results between or
among laboratories
The National Reference Laboratory (NRL)
Enumerate the Different NRLs in the Philippines
East Avenue Medical Center
National Kidney and Transplant Institute
San Lazaro Hospital
Lung Center of the Philippines
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
The basic commonly requested tests in
the laboratory the results of which are not
required to be released immediately upon
completion it shall follow the usual
procedures and systems in the laboratory
Routine Tests
Tests done on urgent cases the results of
which shall be released immediately within
an hour or less after the procedure STAT
“sta’tim” - immediately”
The STAT Tests
Classification of Clinical Laboratories
(A) By Ownership
(B) By Function
(C) By Institutional Character
(D) By Service Capability
It is operated and maintained, partially
or wholly, by the national government, a local
government unit (provincial city, or municipal, or
any other political unit or department. division
board or agency.
Government ownership
Owned, established and operated by any
individual, corporation, association, or
organization.
Private ownership
Includes clinical chemistry,
hematology, and immunohematology. microbiology
immunology, clinical microscopy. endocrinology,
molecular biology. cytogenetics, toxicology,
therapeutic drug monitoring, and similar
disciplines.
Clinical Pathology
Includes surgical pathology,
immunohistopathology, and cytology
Anatomic Pathology
A laboratory that operates
within the premise and as part of an institution,
such as but not limited to hospital, medical clinic,
school, a medical facility for overseas workers and
seafarers, birthing homes, psychiatric facilities,
and drug rehabilitation center,
Institution-Based
A laboratory that does not form
part of any other institution
Free-Standing
A laboratory that does not form
part of any other institution
Free-Standing
General Clinical Laboratories are divided into how many categories?
3
A laboratory that offers highly specialized laboratory
services that are usually not provided by a
general clinical laboratory
Special Clinic Laborator
Enumerate the Different Sections of the Laboratory
● Clinical Chemistry
● Clinical Hematology
● Clinical Microscopy and Parasitology
● Microbiology
● Blood Banking and Serology
● Histopathology (Clinical/Anatomic)
● OPD (Phlebotomy
The Blank employs two separate
lens systems, objective, and eyepiece, the
product of which produces the final magnification.
Compound Microscope
It is a part of a compound microscope used to adjust the lateral separation of the eyepieces of each individual.
Interpupillary control
It is a part of a compound microscope that connects the eyepieces with the objective lens.
Optical tube
It is a part of a compound microscope that provides a structural site attachment for the revolving nosepiece
Neck or arm
It is a part of a compound microscope, it is the main vertical support. It supports the stage, condenser, and base
Stand
It is a part of a compound microscope that holds the
objectives and allows easy rotation from
one objective lens to another.
Revolving nosepiece
It is a part of a compound microscope that supports the microscope slide to
be reviewed.
Stage
It is a part of a compound microscope that can be incorporated into one knob or two separate controls
Focus controls
Moving it in one direction engages the coarse control, whereas it in the opposite direction
engages the fine control.
Single knob in use
It consists of several lenses in a unit, and may be permanently mounted or vertically adjustable. It gathers, organizes, and directs the light through the specimen.
Condenser
Under the stage; moves along the x- or y-axis.
Stage controls
It is located below the condenser within the base. When it is
open, it allows a maximally sized circle of light to illuminate the slide.
Field diaphragm
What are the four types of Microtomes
Rocking microtome
Rotary microtome
Sliding microtome
Freezing microtome
What are the 3 types of blood bags and its functions.
Primary bag - contains the whole bag; undergoes
centrifugation
Second bag - Plasma
Third bag - Buffy coat
Blood typing sera for Anti-A
Blue
Blood typing sera for Anti-B
Yellow
Blood typing sera for Anti-D
White
Enumerate the Landsteiner rules
➔ A person does not have an antibody to his
own antigen.
➔ Each person has an antibody to the
antigen he or she lacks.
➔ Antigen is located around RBC
➔ Antibody naturally occurring
He discovered ABO blood group system
Karl Landsteiner
A blood typing procedure whereby patient red blood cells are mixed with Anti-A and Anti-B reagents
Forward blood typing
Used for pediatric patients, newborns, and
senile/elders with fragile veins.
CAPILLARY TUBE
It is the standard equipment used for routine
venipuncture It consists of a needle
device, a tube holder or adapter, and an
air-evacuated tube.
EVACUATED TUBE SYSTEM
