PMI Notes Qantas Flashcards
Definition of Safety
Freedom from conditions that can cause, death, injury or illness, damage or loss of property, or damage to the environment.
Note: - Hazard is any real or potential condition that can cause the above.
Definition of a Hazard
Any real or potential condition that can cause death, injury or illness, damage to or loss of property, damage to environment.
Do ICAO or IATA have any power over australian regulations?
No, they only provide a coordinated reccomendation for other countries to adapt to, which bring them in line with the rest of the world.
CASA’s transitions from CAR and CAO’s so CASR’s is to bring them more in line with rest of world.
How can CASA write legislation?
Delegated under the CAA (Civil Aviation Act) to act on behalf of and write legislation and air rules.
What are the CAR’s becoming?
CASR’s - Legal Speak
What are CAO’s becoming?
MOS (Manual of Standards) - Plainer language, still law that must be followed.
What are CAAP’s becoming?
Civil Aviation Advisory Publications (CAAP’s) are becoming AC (Advisory Circular)
- Circulated to operators to help them comply with law, advice on developing procedures
What are AIP’s?
Aeronautical Information Publication
- Transfered into most of the CASR’s, remains published but holds no real law
What are AMCGMS?
Acceptable Means of Compliance Guidance material
- Dont bother for pilots reading this, meant for managers to write company procedures
What CASR relates to licencing?
Part 61
What CASR Relates to flight rules?
Part 91
What CASR Relates to Command training?
Part 121
- Air Transport Operations - Training (other than TR), ETOPS, performance etc
What CASR Relates to EP’s?
Part 121
- Air Transport Operations - Training (other than TR), ETOPS, performance etc
What CASR Relates to cyclics?
Part 121
- Air Transport Operations - Training (other than TR), ETOPS, performance etc
What CASR relates to type rating training?
Part 142
- Integrated and Multi-Crew flight training, contracted recurrent training and checking
What is the difference between a Part 141 operator vs Part 142 operator?
Part 141 are smaller independent GA operators, Part 142 are larger schools or airline training departments.
What must a Part 142 training organisation have written?
An exposition as to how the comply with CASR’s. Ours refers a lot to the TACM which is compliant with CASR’s
How is the hierarchy of Ratings, endorsements and Licences laid out?
Licences
- Ratings - Exercised within privileges of licence
- Endorsements - Exercised within privileges of rating
Under CASR 61.385, what must a pilot be competent with to operate an aircraft?
Can only operate an aircraft if competant with
- Nav Systems
- Procedures - Normal, abnormal and emergency
- Limitations - Operational
- Weight and balance and performance
What CASR relates to AOC’s?
Part 119
What CASR relates to HF training?
Part 119
What CASR covers ETOPS?
Part 121
Give examples of types of Ratings?
Instructor Rating
Instrument Rating
Type Rating
Flight Examiner Rating
SEA Rating
MEA Rating
Night VFR Rating
MCC - Multi Crew Coordination Certificate
Give examples of endorsements under Instrument Rating?
MEA
IAP2D
IAP3D
Give examples of endorsements under Instructor Rating?
Training endorsements such as
- SEA
- MEA
- IR
- TR - each type specifically listed (TR B777/B787)
Give examples of endorsements under examiner rating?
Test endorsements such as
- SEA
- MEA
- IR
- TR - each type specifically listed (TR B777/B787)
- ATPL
- CPL
What training endorsements can you anticipate receiving as a SIR?
TR - B777/B787
IR - Because we train in instrument environment
MCP - Multi crew pilot endorsement, this may come under seperate CASA instrument
Will you have SIR on your licence?
No, CASA does not recognise SIR.
Instead you will see FIR, then SIR training endorsements listed with text on page 18 state can only use privileges in simulator.
CASA’s workaround.
Difference between FIR and SIR?
SIR only approved to use in simulator.
Where are privilages and limitations for FIR and SIR found?
CASR Part 61. - 61.T
What are some design feature endorsements?
Retractable undercarriage
Tailwheel undercarriage
Gas Turbine Engine
Pressurisation system
Floatplane
What are some flight activity endorsements?
Aerobatics flight activity
Aerobatics (1500ft) flight activity
Aerobatics (1000ft) flight activity
Aerobatics (unlimited) flight activity
Spinning flight activity
Formation Flying flight activity
What can instructors train pilots for?
Train pilots for licences, ratings and endorsements,
CANT train Cruise relief engineer type rating
CANT Train flight examiner rating
CANT train endorsements for flight examiner rating
Key here, is train. Not issue.
What endorsements can instructors grant?
Usually design feature endorsements.
- So long as you hold the endorsement, and the training endorsement. Only teach what you know!
Cannot issue endorsements which
- Require a flight test
- Are training endorsements
- Are flight examiner endorsements
Note:- Only a FIR can grant a RPL. Not really relevant but its there.
Note: - QF SIRs do not issue any endorsements.
Can instructors conduct flight reviews?
Yes. Except for reviews on
- Cruise relief flight engineers ratings
- Flight examiner ratings
Note:- Must hold the training endorsement required to conduct training on that type.
What other training can instructors train apart from licences, ratings and endorsements? (4-7)
- Multi Crew Coordination
- Differences training for type ratings
- Training to meet general competency for pilots CASR 61.385
- Approve person to transmit on aviation frequency
- Assess knowledge on KDR for a licence or rating (Grade 2 or higher reqd) NOT ME
- Approve student pilot for solo (FIR) NOT ME
- Dual flight checks for a student pilot (FIR) NOT ME
Can a SIR conduct training in a different Simulator to that endorsed?
No, Must only conduct training in sim that flight test for SIR has been passed in.
Can you grant an endorsement as an instructor if you have the endorsement on your licence, but not on your instructor rating endorsements?
No, Can only grant endorsements for which you have personally and also have a training endorsement for it also.
Can a instructor assess a applicants KDR for a flight test?
Yes, if instructor holdas a Grade 2 or higher instructor rating. (NOT ME)
What aircraft or simulator can you conduct training in?
Only the aircraft (FIR) or Simulator (SIR) for which you have passed the instructor rating flight test.
Can you conduct training out of qantas with your instructor rating?
No.
You must be part of and engaged by a Part 141 or Part 142 organisation to conduct training.
Do you need a medical certificate as a SIR to conduct training?
No. You do not require a medical.
Only FIR conducting training in the aircraft require a medical.
Can PPL pilots become flight instructors?
Yes, these days they can with limited abilities. Such as issuing design feature endorsements.
What are the hour requirements for a SIR?
50hrs training under that category to be trained. Although there is conjecture that this is only when training another trainee simulator instructor.
100hrs when conductin MCC. This is personal aeronautical experience required.
What profficency check requirements are needed for a SIR?
To be participating in a operators training and checkin system.
Approval is held in TACM under regulations. We are the last part of Table 2.
TACM - Standardisation and development reqs.
12 months after first check out
24 months thereafter.
What licence shall a SIR hold?
Minimum of a CPL.
Note FIR can hold a PPL but with limited endorsement training.
- eg Tailwheel, retractable undercarriage, constant speed propellor etc
If a FPC is failed, can the instructor continue to operate even if their FPC hasnt expired?
No,
As soon as any FPC is failed, they cannot use their instructor rating.
In qantas under the TACM, this is listed under a failure under the SD sessions, and you will be restricted from training duties.
Note:- If under a SD session in your own seat, FO. Are unsastisfactory, OPTION B, then you will also be restricted from flying. However, if in other seat like captain seat, they may give an Option D, where you are restricted from training but are still deemed acceptable for the line.
When can type rating training be conducted on an aircraft?
Seats > 9
- No sim in Aus
Seats > 19
- No sim in the world
Dont want high risk of practiced engine failures in aircraft if it can be done safely in a sim.
Are flight reviews required for current Qantas pilots?
No, they are enrolled in the Qantas T&C system. Successful participation removes this need.
How long must records be kept for?
7 years.
However Qantas take care of the record retention.
What is the Go-To table in the CASR for what you can train and the requirments for that?
Table 6.1235
What can a SIM instructor train a pilot in?
In a Simulator that the instructor rating was passed on. B777/B787 for me.
What does successful participation in T&C system mean?
- Employed by company
- Can be assigned operational duty
- Person has met requirements for entry into system
- Completes all required training by nominated dates
- T&C system covers operation - initial and recurrent testing all KSB’s
Leave system when they leave company or expire. TACM has re-entry requirments
Two houses under one roof refers to what?
Qantas training, Part 142 and Part 119
What does part 142 of qantas traing deal with?
Licenses, Ratings and Endorsements
- Type rating training
- Cruise relief type rated training
- Sim Instructor training
- MCC Training and training for a MCC sim instructor training endorsement
What must an Instructor do to satisfy the Standardisation and Proficiency checks required in Part 142?
Be successfully participating in the operator’s internal training and checking system.
CASA Instrument 61040AP.0692 in TACM
What CASR deals with FSTD’s, which part of TACM?
Part 60 of CASR, or Chapter 16 in TACM
What level are our FSTD’s?
Level D - Zero Flight Time simulators
Each hold a specific CASA approval certificate - Front of TACM
Prior to a simulator session, what safety items must be briefed?
- Firefighting equip
- Emergency STOP functions
- Alert and Evacuation warnings
- Simulator Emergency exits
- Building Exits and Assembly Points
- Safety equipment specific to device
Note: - Evac video and sim powerpoint covers this
Note: - Those regularly in sim only need to be briefed once
How often are FSTD’s recertified?
Every 12 months minimum, or less in accordance with their own certificate.
How is a FSTD judged to be accurate and fit for use?
Judged against a master QTG - Qualification Test Guide
- Sets out performance and handling qualities agree with that of the aircraft and MOS standards
What do you do if there is a defect with a FSTD?
If unsafe, immediately cease use.
- Report to manager of facility and equipment
Minor issues
- Report to person in charge of equipment
- If negative training due to fault, cease use
Reporting Chain
Instructor > Senior Instructor > QFT Management
What must you check when checking licences for Cyclics?
Paper licence
- All pages
- Cyclic form - proof they are in approved T&C system
- Check ratings
- Dont need design feature endorsement as included in rating
- Unless flying in GA, ask for flight review date to be removed
Check Medical
What can you do to put forward an image of instructor professionalism?
- High personal standard
- No vulgarisms
- Good grooming and appearance
- High integrity
- Enthusiasm
- Patience
Debriefing with a failure or under allegations from student?
- Keep records, notes filed away from sessions, Video until passed Type Rating
- Have a witness, training manager on phone TOP COVER
- Public Place if possible
How can you set a good training environment?
- Safe
- Relaxed
- Positive reinforcement, brain latches onto positive experiences
- Time management, no rushing
- reemphasise its TRAINING
- Physical needs met - bathroom, food, breaks
What do you do if trainee keeps failing?
- Dont blame them
- Look at yourself and your approach and why its not working - What am i doing wrong?
- Ask for diffrent viewpoint from trainee, or other person being trained
- Ask questions, welfare
How do you motivate trainees?
- Be enthusiastic
- Most are self-motivated
- Provide a reason for doing this
- Tell a story linking the training, draw out stories from trainees
- Motivation may wane after being on aircraft for some time
What do you do with an overloaded student?
Give them something easier to relax, or give them a sector off
How does a facilitated debrief go?
- What went well? Describe what happened?
- Discussions between FO and Capt are good, you MUST control this though.
- Questions around markers like handling, teamwork, communication
- Let them teach you on the whiteboard
- Only after a GOOD sim, not a trainwreck
What is a positive and a negative about positive reinforcement?
Positive - Better memory retention with positive reinforcement and positive experience
Negative - Too much positive reinforcement can become cheap
What is a positive and negative about Jumping Ahead?
Positive - With a good student it can give them a look at a challenging scenario and motivate
Negative - May demotivate them if they arent prepared
Note : - If you are going to do this, make sure YOU as instructor demonstrate this
How do you ‘Sell’ the failure?
- How do you think it when? Self asses and take ownership
- Walk me through the approach? Tolerances in TACM
How does the law of Recency come into a debriefing and training?
You learn the most as its the most recent
If possible, debrief straight after the manoeuvre
Whats a positive and Negative about ‘Rabbit Holes’ with students?
Positive - Learner Led learning, great because its what they want to explore/learn
Negative - Time waster. Make sure you have enough time, if not validate their concerns and return later
When do reflective learners learn?
- The learn after the sim, perhaps a day or two later when reflecting upon it.
- A good debrief can help them grow as they reflect later.
- May not see progress immediately, happens for them later after reflection
Can you give an AP or a 5 if there have been some imperfections?
- Doesnt need to be perfect
- Minor imperfections allowed
What are some of the errors with new instructors?
- Talking too much because YOU want to show your knowledge
- Not recognising prior experience
- Take more of a backseat with experienced people
- Get more experienced people teaching less experienced (Facilitation)
What is a theorist?
Like theory, Love mulling over questions.
- Keep asking them questions
What is an activist?
Just want to give it a go
- Tolerate theory but get bored without doing
- Get them doing
What is a reflector?
Reflector learns by reflecting back on it later
- Armchair flying can help
What is a Pragmatist?
Down to earth, likes to try but wants to watch first
- Need some practical aspects for these
How can you use differnt aircraft type experience without being dismissive? Example - Airbus to Boeing conversion
- Try and find links to help build a bridge
- Use prior learning, dont dismiss it
- Example is Open Speed to LVL CHNG, both control the elevator for speed with fixed thrust at idle or full thrust
How do you make trainees feel at ease with the grading and sim workload?
- Tell them that a P is graded against a line pilot
- Possible to get NP, or PT and still an Option A
- Its OK if you need extra sims, system is built for fast learners. Training expect some extra sims
- Differed items can build up and may need additional sim to finish deferred items
How can sim spacings affect learning?
Too many together, or too little spaced out can cause a learning plateau.
How can instructors deal with students defence mechanisms?
- Stay relevant to the situation
- Dont take it personally, dont exhibit your own defence mechanism back
- Be empathetic, put yourself in their shoes
- Goal orientation, make smaller goals
- How do you feel? Let them speak or vent
- DONT take abuse
What does the SARA model mean?
A model for emotions.
S - Shocked
A - Angry
R - Resentful
A - Aceptance
What is the LEAP memonic used for?
Used when dealing with a student in crisis.
L - Listen
E - Emphasise
A - Ask Questions
P - Paraphrase back to them, so they know they are heard
When teaching, how can you break down a good delivery outline?
What - Objectives / Aims
Why - Motivation
Who - Audience it is relevant to
How - Teach / Evaluate (How to fly, value add, common threats and errors)
What is your biggest enemy in a briefing or a lecture?
Time.
- Time it or provide gates, dont run out of time
- Prioritise important parts like how to fly over the theory
What does Qantas use for in flight teaching of manuevers?
DGMA
D - Demonstrate with patter
G - Guide as student does with patter
M - Monitor, give patter only where needed
A - Assess, no talking
What happens if a student becomes anxious?
- Irritability
- Loss of Hearing
- Tunnel Vision
- Target fixation
To help
- Offload them, give them smaller tasks
- Mini brief
- Get into seat next to them
- Build them up with positives
What can you do if a student displays defense behaviour in debriefing or in sim?
- Whats going on for you? What has happened to you?
- Let them know result first, thats an OPTION A, now lets discuss (Hanging for result)
- May be annoyed at themselves
- Deal with person first to address their behavior
What do you do after an Option B?
- Contact DMTC, Rod Ewels (make recommendations for training, not in TPMS report)
- Advise crew member they are not to operate
- Let crewing know
TACM Chapter 14 - Unsatisfactory performance. Whole process listed
Is there a definition of “Sustained” in the regulations in regards to tolerances?
No definition. This is to allow a buffer to correct.
Note the time for exceedance later in brief
Is there a definition of “Sustained” in the regulations in regards to tolerances?
No definition. This is to allow a buffer to correct.
Note the time for exceedance later in brief
- This way you have evidence to use
What section of TACM can you find tolerances and competancies for phase of flight?
Chapter 7
What section of TACM can you find you requirements for your standardisation sessions?
Chapter 5
Can you use an AP during type rating training?
No, you can only put the highest mark of P, a line pilot standard.
When must you use markers?
AP - Must have markers highlighting good points
P - No markers, proficient with no points of discussion
P - With markers, proficient but with points to improve upon
PT - Must have markers, points you worked on to become proficient
NP - Must have markers, points they weren’t proficient with
Is commercial awareness assesable?
Yes, assessable over all phases of flight.
- Make sure aircraft is operated to enhance the image of Qantas
Can you Option B someone only on Non Technical markers?
No, must have a technical marker.
EBT is different. Can fail on non tech markers only.
What are some of the traps with Patter?
- Speaking too much
- Micro managing
- Mis flying demonstration sequences as too preoccupied with patter
What are some of the must do’s with Patter?
- Demo correctly
- Talk a student through as they are flying it
- Use statements succinctly like “Centerline”
- Brief beforehand, make them armchair fly before the sequence
What can you Value Add with?
- Techniques
- Things not in the book
- Verbs “Just a SQUEEZE of rudder”
- Common errors
- Past stories or events
- Polish, a couple things not too many
‘
Be sure to highlight what is policy and what is personal opinion
What does ASD stand for when training students?
A S D
A - Ask a question
S - Suggest something
D - Direct them to do
What breakdown of communication is Body Language, Tone and Words Spoken?
58% Body Language
38% Tone
7 % Words Spoken
When do you give your marks in debriefing?
First, to allow them to relax and learn from the result
What is facilitation?
“Guide on the side”
- Instructor owns objectives, learners own learning
- Collaborative, two way learning
- Seeding, not lecturing
- Positive and open environment
- Enabling them to come up with ideas you manoeuvre out of them
What is a good opening structure of questions to lead in a facilitated debrief?
How are you feeling?
- How do you think you went?
- How do you think that ILS went, talk me through it
- I noticed you were flying a bit high on glideslope, can you tell me more about that?
Using facilitation how would you find out about a students retrospective SA?
Ask them what they were thinking at the time of the event to see if they were aware
Using facilitation, how would you find out about a students retrospective DM?
Walk me through that decision.
Hand QRH, what did you do at this stage of the checklist and why?
What are the 4 R’s with respect to a facilitated debrief?
R - Replay and Review an event to see what went right or wrong
R - Reconstruct and event which went wrong so applicant can determine how to better handle
R - Redirect learning experience to future events less specific, changing the way of thinking
What are some DO’s when questioning?
- Open questions
- Real world scenario based, example of scenario where student ends up relaying memory items
- Rephrase if unclear
- Make relevant questions
- Flip question to other person, other student
- Funnel question which leads somewhere
- Socratic question (7 second pause)
What are some DONTS when questioning?
- Be ambiguous
- Be confrontational
- Be judgemental
- Trick Questions
- Loaded Questions
- Bluff when asked a question you dont know
- Pick on candidates
What answers can be open book and what should be closed book?
Closed Book - Time critical, memory items, limitations, flying techniques procedures
Open Book - Grey areas or stuff you have time to look up
Thinking Globally means what?
Is it Safe
Is it Sensible
Is it common sense
What are competancies?
Skills, knowledge or attributes required to perform a task to a specific standard
What is profficeincy?
The sum of all competancies.
What is the term SMART mean when planning objectives?
S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Relevant
T - Time, achievable within time frame allotted
Is grading in the process or the outcome?
Grading is in the process, the root cause of the outcome.
If the outcome is good, the process is likely to be good.
What is IRR or Inter - Rated Reliability?
Instructors rated on consistency vs other instructors.
What is RRR or Referent Rated Reliability?
Instructors rated on consistency vs TACM and SOP’s (Gold Standard)
How do you increase your observational accuracy?
- Take notes
- Know the standard
- Remove your Bias
- Workload management
- Distraction Management
What Bias’s are there?
- Confirmation Bias
- Central tendancy
- Generosity
- Severity
- Halo Effect
- Leniency
- Sterotyping
- Logical Error
