PMHP need to know Flashcards
what is the optimal dose of fluoride in drinking water?
1ppm
1mg/l
name 2 foods and/or drinks other than water which are good natural sources of fluoride
- fluoridated salt
- fluoridated milk
list 4 methods of topical fluoride application for an 8 year old
- fluoride varnish 22,600ppm at least 2x per year
- fluoride toothpaste 1500ppm
- fluoride tablets 1mg fluoride daily
- fluoride mouth rinse 225ppm
how does topical fluoride help prevent caries?
- fluoride slows down development of decay by stopping demineralisation of dentine
- makes enmale more resistant to acid attack from plaque bacteria
- speeds up remineralisation
- can stop bacterial metabolism at high concentrations to produce less acid
- fluoride that enters the tooth produces fluoroxyapatite which makes the tooth much stronger once remineralisation occurs
what daily dose of fluoride tablet would you give to a child…
* age 4 yeats
* high caries risk
* area with <0.3ppm fluoride in water supply
o.5mg/day
what is the recommended maximum weekly alcohol intake?
- no more than 14 units per week
- should be spread evenly over 3+ days
what acts regulate alcohol in Scotland?
- criminal justice and licensing act 2010
- alcohol etc. act 2010
- air weapons and liscensing act 2015
what has reduced alcohol consumption in Scotland?
- minimum pricing
- ban on multi-drink promotions
- lower drink drive limits
what are the chairside interventions that can be used to help somoene with an alcohol problem?
- 5As (ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange)
- 2as 1R (ask, advise, refer)
describe what incidence means
- number of new disease cases developing over a specific period of time in a defined population
- obtained from longitudinal studies or derived from registers
what is the incidence rate?
the number of new cases of a disease in a period/number of individuals in the population at risk
define prevalence
the number of affected indivduals in a population at a given time
estimates are obtained from cross-sectional studies or derived from registers which can relate to attributes to absence or presence of disease
what does SIMD stand for?
scottish index of multiple deprivation
what is the SIMD?
an area based index which uses a range of data to decide which neighbourhoods are most deprived by ranking data such as education and employment in order of deprivation from 1-5/10
what are the 7 factors of deprivation measured in the SIMD?
- employment status
- income
- health and care services
- geographic access to services
- crime
- housing, living and working conditions
- education, skiils and training
what are the four key design elements of randomised control trials?
specification of participants
control/comparison groups
randomisation
blinding/masking
name an advantage of randomised control trials
provide the strongest and most direct epidemiologic evidence for causality
give disadvantages of randomised control trials
more difficult to design and conduct than oberservational studies
not suitable for all research questions
high costs
still some risk of bias
what is a cross-sectional study?
observational study that analyses data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time
what is a case-series report?
description of the medical history of one or more patients
what is a case-control study?
people with a disease are matched to those without it and earlier exposure to different factors are compared
what is a cohort study?
participants are recruited to a study and followed up over time. Exposures and diseases are measured prospectively
what is a systematic review and meta analysis?
all the evidence for RCTs looking at effectiveness of a particular treatment are synthesised
what are case-series reports used for?
hypothesis generation
to identify a new disease outcome
