(PM3B) Parenteral Delivery Flashcards
In what parenteral administration route(s) can a suspension NOT be given?
IV
What is a small volume (<10mL) injection known as?
Bolus injection
What is a bolus injection
Small volume injection
How can sustained-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?
Large volume injection
How can immediate-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?
Small volume injection
Bolus injection
What is an intradermal injection? How is it administered?
Injection into the skin
Very flat angle - close against skin - almost parallel - 15º angle
What in an intramuscular injection? How is it administered?
Injection into muscle
Perpendicular
72-90º angle
What is a subcutaneous injection? How is it administered?
Injection into subcutaneous tissue
45-90º angle
When is a 15º parenteral administration angle suitable?
Intradermal injection
When is a 45-90º parenteral administration angle suitable?
Subcutaneous injection
When is a 72-90º parenteral administration angle suitable?
Intramuscular injection
What volume can be injected intravenously?
<500mL
Usually <10mL
Why can a large volume not be administered at a fast rate?
(1) Sudden increase in osmotic pressure
(2) Changes electrolyte balance
(3) Can lead to shock/ acute kidney failure
What is an air embolism?
Injection of air into a blood vessel
What is injection of air into a blood vessel called?
Air embolism
What is thrombosis?
Formation of a clot in a blood vessel
What is the formation of a clot in a blood vessel called?
Thombosis
What can severe haemolysis lead to?
Kidney damage
What is haemolysis?
Breakdown of red blood cells
What is phlebitis?
Inflammation of the vein wall
Due to irritation caused by the parenteral formation
What is extravasation?
Leakage of the injection from the vein into the surrounding tissue
What volume can be injected intramuscularly?
Up to 10mL
Which muscle are vaccines normally administered into?
Deltoid (IM)
Give two examples of drugs which are administered IM.
(1) Vaccines - e.g. deltoid
(2) NSAIDs
What is considered ‘subcutaneous tissue’?
Fat layer
Beneath dermis and epidermis
Above muscle layer
What volume can be administered SC?
Usually 1mL
Where are SC injections typically administered?
- Abdomen
- Arm
- Legs
Give an example of a drug which is injected subcutaneously.
Insulin
Which administration route is used for insulin?
SC
Where do drugs injected via SC dissolve?
Interstitial fluid
How do drugs enter the bloodstream from a SC injection?
(1) Directly into blood vessels - uncommon
(2) Interstitial fluid -> Lymphatic capillaries -> Regional lymph nodes -> Bloodstream
Describe the rate of onset of SC injections.
Slow and unpredictable
Depends on local vasculature
(1) How many types of delivery method are there for insulin?
(2) What are they?
(1) 4 types
2
- Insulin syringe
- Insulin pen
- Insulin pump/ pod
- Jet injector
What is bolus insulin?
Timed insulin
Based on food intake
What is basal insulin?
Insulin delivery providing steady dose of insulin
Continuous day and night
What are the general pharmaceutical considerations taken for parenteral delivery?
(1) Solubility
(2) Viscosity
(3) Preservatives - excipients
(4) pH
What are the types of vehicles for injections?
(1) Water for injections
(2) Non-aqueous vehicles
Define pyrogen.
A substance which causes fever when in the blood
Often produced by bacteria
How is a poory soluble drug likely to be formulated for parenteral delivery?
Emulsion/ suspension
When is a co-solvent used?
For poorly soluble drugs
Increases solubility
When should preservatives be avoided in parenteral delivery?
Single dose IV
What viscosity is considered therapeutically beneficial in parenteral formulations?
Avoid high viscosity
