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Part 3 – PM3B COPY T > (PM3B) Parenteral Delivery > Flashcards

(PM3B) Parenteral Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

In what parenteral administration route(s) can a suspension NOT be given?

A

IV

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2
Q

What is a small volume (<10mL) injection known as?

A

Bolus injection

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3
Q

What is a bolus injection

A

Small volume injection

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4
Q

How can sustained-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?

A

Large volume injection

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5
Q

How can immediate-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?

A

Small volume injection

Bolus injection

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6
Q

What is an intradermal injection? How is it administered?

A

Injection into the skin

Very flat angle - close against skin - almost parallel - 15º angle

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7
Q

What in an intramuscular injection? How is it administered?

A

Injection into muscle

Perpendicular

72-90º angle

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8
Q

What is a subcutaneous injection? How is it administered?

A

Injection into subcutaneous tissue

45-90º angle

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9
Q

When is a 15º parenteral administration angle suitable?

A

Intradermal injection

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10
Q

When is a 45-90º parenteral administration angle suitable?

A

Subcutaneous injection

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11
Q

When is a 72-90º parenteral administration angle suitable?

A

Intramuscular injection

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12
Q

What volume can be injected intravenously?

A

<500mL

Usually <10mL

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13
Q

Why can a large volume not be administered at a fast rate?

A

(1) Sudden increase in osmotic pressure
(2) Changes electrolyte balance
(3) Can lead to shock/ acute kidney failure

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14
Q

What is an air embolism?

A

Injection of air into a blood vessel

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15
Q

What is injection of air into a blood vessel called?

A

Air embolism

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16
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a clot in a blood vessel

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17
Q

What is the formation of a clot in a blood vessel called?

A

Thombosis

18
Q

What can severe haemolysis lead to?

A

Kidney damage

19
Q

What is haemolysis?

A

Breakdown of red blood cells

20
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

Inflammation of the vein wall

Due to irritation caused by the parenteral formation

21
Q

What is extravasation?

A

Leakage of the injection from the vein into the surrounding tissue

22
Q

What volume can be injected intramuscularly?

A

Up to 10mL

23
Q

Which muscle are vaccines normally administered into?

A

Deltoid (IM)

24
Q

Give two examples of drugs which are administered IM.

A

(1) Vaccines - e.g. deltoid

(2) NSAIDs

25
Q

What is considered ‘subcutaneous tissue’?

A

Fat layer

Beneath dermis and epidermis

Above muscle layer

26
Q

What volume can be administered SC?

A

Usually 1mL

27
Q

Where are SC injections typically administered?

A
  • Abdomen
  • Arm
  • Legs
28
Q

Give an example of a drug which is injected subcutaneously.

A

Insulin

29
Q

Which administration route is used for insulin?

A

SC

30
Q

Where do drugs injected via SC dissolve?

A

Interstitial fluid

31
Q

How do drugs enter the bloodstream from a SC injection?

A

(1) Directly into blood vessels - uncommon

(2) Interstitial fluid -> Lymphatic capillaries -> Regional lymph nodes -> Bloodstream

32
Q

Describe the rate of onset of SC injections.

A

Slow and unpredictable

Depends on local vasculature

33
Q

(1) How many types of delivery method are there for insulin?
(2) What are they?

A

(1) 4 types

2
- Insulin syringe
- Insulin pen
- Insulin pump/ pod
- Jet injector

34
Q

What is bolus insulin?

A

Timed insulin

Based on food intake

35
Q

What is basal insulin?

A

Insulin delivery providing steady dose of insulin

Continuous day and night

36
Q

What are the general pharmaceutical considerations taken for parenteral delivery?

A

(1) Solubility
(2) Viscosity
(3) Preservatives - excipients
(4) pH

37
Q

What are the types of vehicles for injections?

A

(1) Water for injections

(2) Non-aqueous vehicles

38
Q

Define pyrogen.

A

A substance which causes fever when in the blood

Often produced by bacteria

39
Q

How is a poory soluble drug likely to be formulated for parenteral delivery?

A

Emulsion/ suspension

40
Q

When is a co-solvent used?

A

For poorly soluble drugs

Increases solubility

41
Q

When should preservatives be avoided in parenteral delivery?

A

Single dose IV

42
Q

What viscosity is considered therapeutically beneficial in parenteral formulations?

A

Avoid high viscosity

Part 3 – PM3B COPY T (33 decks)

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