(PM3B) Parenteral Delivery

Question 1

In what parenteral administration route(s) can a suspension NOT be given?

Answer 1

IV

Question 2

What is a small volume (<10mL) injection known as?

Answer 2

Bolus injection

Question 3

What is a bolus injection

Answer 3

Small volume injection

Question 4

How can sustained-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?

Answer 4

Large volume injection

Question 5

How can immediate-release be achieved in parenteral delivery?

Answer 5

Small volume injection

Bolus injection

Question 6

What is an intradermal injection? How is it administered?

Answer 6

Injection into the skin

Very flat angle - close against skin - almost parallel - 15º angle

Question 7

What in an intramuscular injection? How is it administered?

Answer 7

Injection into muscle

Perpendicular

72-90º angle

Question 8

What is a subcutaneous injection? How is it administered?

Answer 8

Injection into subcutaneous tissue

45-90º angle

Question 9

When is a 15º parenteral administration angle suitable?

Answer 9

Intradermal injection

Question 10

When is a 45-90º parenteral administration angle suitable?

Answer 10

Subcutaneous injection

Question 11

When is a 72-90º parenteral administration angle suitable?

Answer 11

Intramuscular injection

Question 12

What volume can be injected intravenously?

Answer 12

<500mL

Usually <10mL

Question 13

Why can a large volume not be administered at a fast rate?

Answer 13

(1) Sudden increase in osmotic pressure
(2) Changes electrolyte balance
(3) Can lead to shock/ acute kidney failure

Question 14

What is an air embolism?

Answer 14

Injection of air into a blood vessel

Question 15

What is injection of air into a blood vessel called?

Answer 15

Air embolism

Question 16

What is thrombosis?

Answer 16

Formation of a clot in a blood vessel

Question 17

What is the formation of a clot in a blood vessel called?

Answer 17

Thombosis

Question 18

What can severe haemolysis lead to?

Answer 18

Kidney damage

Question 19

What is haemolysis?

Answer 19

Breakdown of red blood cells

Question 20

What is phlebitis?

Answer 20

Inflammation of the vein wall

Due to irritation caused by the parenteral formation

Question 21

What is extravasation?

Answer 21

Leakage of the injection from the vein into the surrounding tissue

Question 22

What volume can be injected intramuscularly?

Answer 22

Up to 10mL

Question 23

Which muscle are vaccines normally administered into?

Answer 23

Deltoid (IM)

Question 24

Give two examples of drugs which are administered IM.

Answer 24

(1) Vaccines - e.g. deltoid

(2) NSAIDs

Question 25

What is considered 'subcutaneous tissue'?

Answer 25

Fat layer Beneath dermis and epidermis Above muscle layer

Question 26

What volume can be administered SC?

Answer 26

Usually 1mL

Question 27

Where are SC injections typically administered?

Answer 27

- Abdomen - Arm - Legs

Question 28

Give an example of a drug which is injected subcutaneously.

Answer 28

Insulin

Question 29

Which administration route is used for insulin?

Answer 29

SC

Question 30

Where do drugs injected via SC dissolve?

Answer 30

Interstitial fluid

Question 31

How do drugs enter the bloodstream from a SC injection?

Answer 31

(1) Directly into blood vessels - uncommon | (2) Interstitial fluid -> Lymphatic capillaries -> Regional lymph nodes -> Bloodstream

Question 32

Describe the rate of onset of SC injections.

Answer 32

Slow and unpredictable Depends on local vasculature

Question 33

(1) How many types of delivery method are there for insulin? (2) What are they?

Answer 33

(1) 4 types | 2 - Insulin syringe - Insulin pen - Insulin pump/ pod - Jet injector

Question 34

What is bolus insulin?

Answer 34

Timed insulin Based on food intake

Question 35

What is basal insulin?

Answer 35

Insulin delivery providing steady dose of insulin Continuous day and night

Question 36

What are the general pharmaceutical considerations taken for parenteral delivery?

Answer 36

(1) Solubility (2) Viscosity (3) Preservatives - excipients (4) pH

Question 37

What are the types of vehicles for injections?

Answer 37

(1) Water for injections | (2) Non-aqueous vehicles

Question 38

Define pyrogen.

Answer 38

A substance which causes fever when in the blood Often produced by bacteria

Question 39

How is a poory soluble drug likely to be formulated for parenteral delivery?

Answer 39

Emulsion/ suspension

Question 40

When is a co-solvent used?

Answer 40

For poorly soluble drugs Increases solubility

Question 41

When should preservatives be avoided in parenteral delivery?

Answer 41

Single dose IV

Question 42

What viscosity is considered therapeutically beneficial in parenteral formulations?

Answer 42

Avoid high viscosity