PM1C HARD TO LEARN Flashcards
PRINCIPLES OF BEAUCHAMP AND CHILDRESSS:
what is non-maleficence?
To not cause harm.
Involves both ‘acts and omissions’.
Could include withholding/withdrawing treatment that harms patient.
PRINCIPLES OF BEAUCHAMP AND CHILDRESSS:
what is beneficence?
Promote the well-being of others, benefits the patient.
Encompasses medical paternalism.
Acting without consent, over riding a persons wishes, wants or actions in order to benefit the patient to prevent harm.
PRINCIPLES OF BEAUCHAMP AND CHILDRESSS:
what is respect for autonomy?
Rights of the competent adult to make informed decisions including refusing even life saving treatment.
Self determination
An individuals actions ought to be the result of his/her own actions.
PRINCIPLES OF BEAUCHAMP AND CHILDRESSS:
what is justice?
Fairness- distribute health care resources (good +services).
Treat similar cases in similar ways.
Same respect to patients in different circumstances.
9 GPhC standards?
- Provide person centred care
- Work in partnership with others.
- Communicate effectively
- Maintain, develop and use their professional knowledge and skills.
- Use professional judgement.
- Behave in a professional manner
- Respect and maintain the person’s confidentiality and privacy.
- Speak up when they have concerns or when things go wrong.
- Demonstrate leadership
Ethical decision making framework?
- Determine the facts
- Define the ethical issue
- Analyse the problem: identify major principles, rules and values
- Develop and evaluate solutions.
- Make a decision
- Act
- Assess and reflect on decision.
What are the four normative schools/theories?
- Deontology- actions are performed out of duty or moral obligations. Use rules to determine what should be done. Consequences are thought to be irrelevant.
One’s duties are determined by maxims (first do no harm, principles, rules etc). - Consequence: actions are right or wrong based on their balance of good and bad consequences.
- Virtue- places value on the moral character of the actor rather than acts or outcome of acts.
- Context- determines what should be done based on the context of actions, i.e case-based reasoning.
In part VIIIA of drug tariff what does a black circle symbol next to a drug represent?
Items requiring reconstitution. Will be paid for the nearest whole pack to cover the quantity required,
Endorse with pack size supplied
What is meant by a prescription item being a ‘special container’ as listed in the Drug Tariff?
Denoted by a black square next to item
Items that can’t be split easily and pharmacies are paid to supply full packs nearest in quantity to what is ordered.
OR
Where the quantity prescribed does not coincide with that of an original packet and drug or reagent is:
Sterile
Liquids for addition to bathwater
Packed in an aerosol, tube, roll on bottle, spray, sachet (or any other container that can’t be split practically).
Coal tar preparations
Viscous external preparations (ointments and creams)
Effervescent or hygroscopic
Explain the abbreviation ‘SLS’ when written on a FP10 prescription including where it can be found and what it contains. (2)
Describe the rules relating to the use of SLS. Give an example of a relevant medication and indication. (3)
Selected list scheme, found part XVIIIB of the Drug Tariff.
Is a small list of items allowed on FP10 prescription, ONLY in special circumstances or for certain patients.
SLS must be written on the prescription by the PRESCIBER otherwise the prescription is disallowed and cannot be paid for by the NHS.
E.g of medicine- Clobazam can only be used for epilepsy, Tamiflu, can be prescribed only for flu on NHS prescriptions.
Special containers- part II
What is the halfway pack rule?
Prescription quantity is one plus half or less than half of a pack, round down.
(If the quantity ordered falls exactly halfway between two packs you must dispense the lower number of packs).
E.g. if ordered 250ml and there is 100ml pack size, round down to nearest whole pack and give 2x100ml.
If 251ml ordered give 3x100ml
The ‘halfway’ rule does not apply to oral liquid antibiotics, denoted by small black circle next to drug name.
For example Rx for 140ml Erythromycin, give 2x100ml and label “Discard remainder after X days ”No endorsement needed – automatically paid for “2x100ml
What is allowed on an NHS FP10 prescription?
Drugs, food, drinks toiletries, medical cosmetic item provided they are not ‘BLACK LISTED.’
Appliances, dressings and chemical reagents PROVIDED they are IN the Tariff.
Certain items if endorsed ‘SLS’ by the doctor.
EPS items must be dm+d coded- Dictionary of medicines and devices.
What is broken bulk endorsement -BB
Allows payment for a complete pack if only part of a pack was dispensed.
Endorse the Rx with ‘BB’ and pack size supplied.
No further drug cost payment will be made during the next 6 months until that last remainder has been used up.
If dispensed again within 6 months, payment for the drug cost is adjusted to take off the first dispensing.
This applied for any drug or appliance (part IX) but NOT:
. Unlicensed specials/imports
. Categories A or M if smallest pack is less than £50
. Appliances from part IXA
