Plumbing Materials, Fittings, and Fixtures Flashcards
A ROUND, HOLLOW CHANNELUSED TOTRANSPORTLIQUIDSSUCH AS WATER OR SOLID–
LIQUID MIXTURESSUCH AS WASTEWATER FROM ONEPOINTTOTHE NEXT.
PIPE
This pipe must be heavy enough to hold continuous pressure without
rupture, and all connections must be leak proof. This pipe tends to be of a
smaller diameter
PRESSUREPIPE
Carries waste and soil water away from the fixtures and the building by
the force of gravity. It is typically lighter weight with thinner walls than
pressure pipe, and joints do not need to be as tightly sealed because
there is no pressure exerted on them.
generally larger in size than pressure pipe to allow for free gravity flow
DRAIN, WASTE AND VENT(DWV)PIPE
the most popular water supply pipe material.
It is also used in water space heating (hydronic) systems, air conditioning
and refrigeration systems, sanitary drainage, and natural gas and liquid
petroleum gas piping.
COPPER PIPE AND TUBING
copper pipe is Faster installation in comparison to ___________ or brass
treaded steel
available as either rigid (hard temper) or flexible (soft temper).
is used primarily for underground water service in water supply
systems.is color coded in GREEN for quick visual identification.
TYPE K
available in either hard or soft temper and in coils (soft temper only)
and straight lengths much like Type K.is color coded BLUE.
This type of tubing is most popular for use in water supply systems.
TYPEL
is made in hard temper only and is available in straight lengths of 12
and 20 ft (3.7 and 6.1 m).
It is used for branch supplies where water pressure is not too great,
but it is not used for risers and mains.
is color coded RED.
used for chilled water systems, exposed lines in hot water heating
systems, and drainage piping.
TYPE M
is the thinnest copper tube and is used in non pressure applications.
It is made in hard temper only and is obtainable in straight lengths of
20 ft (6.1 m).
DWV (DRAIN, WASTE, VENT)
.
Red brassing pipe consist of approximately _____ copper and ___ zinc, is used as
water supply piping
85%, 15%
Is threaded for fitting connections, but this requires thicker walls to
accommodate the threading, making installation and handling more
difficult than for copper.
has relatively higher total cost, installed on the job, limits its usage
RED BRASSPIPING
used to transport liquids and gasses, such as oil, water, and gas,
underground and above ground.It is typically sold in lengths of 21 ft.
When steel pipe is forged, a black oxide scale forms on its surface
that gives it a dull black finish, and as a result it is called black pipe.
STEELPIPE
Durable and widely used for
industrial and high-pressure
systems.
CARBON
Corrosion-resistant, used
for hygienic applications
like food processing.
STAINLESS
Coated with zinc to prevent rusting; often used in water systems.
GALVANIZED
is the type most commonly used for water supply and fire suppression
sprinkler systems.
The most commonly used wrought-iron pipe is galvanized.
LIGHTWEIGHT WROUGHT-IRON PIPE
The _ coating adds extra corrosion resistance
zinc-galvanized
Is commonly used in gravity building and storm drain/sewer systems
CAST IRON PIPE
Cast iron pipes and fittings are limited to ________
gravity pressure systems
Cast iron pipe are connected using two methods: ______________ that are joined by sliding the spigot into the hub; and the
__________ that is connected with a rubber gasket and
screw-type clamp that is similar to a hose clamp.
hub (female end) and spigot
(male end), no-hub connection
Rarely used today due to health concerns but historically used for water
pipes (Lead is a toxic metal that can build up in the body and cause
health problems)
Lead
Used in laboratories for transporting aggressive chemicals. Often used
for their chemical resistance and transparency
Glass
Flexible pipes often used for temporary or flexible connections. Often found
in industrial settings where equipment layouts are complex and tight spaces
require flexible connections, such as in the oil and gas industry
RUBBER
Thermoplastic pipe are sometimes referred to simply as _______
plastic pipe
is used for water supply systems because its economy and ease of
installation make it popular, especially on projects such as low-cost
housing or apartments where cost economy is important.
THERMOPLASTIC PIPE
is typically black in color. It is generally approved for use in DWV
applications.
ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS)
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene is available in two grades: ________ and ________
Schedule 40 and Service.
used for buried cold building water supply
and irrigation (yard) piping.
is also approved for use in piping for natural
gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
applications, but only when it is directly buried
and outside the building foundation
POLYETHYLENE (PE)
a specific type of medium- or high-density polyethylene with
individual molecules linking one polymer chain to another.
stronger and more stable than PE with respect to
temperature extremes, chemical attack, and creep
deformation.
CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE (PEX)
a rigid thermoplastic pipe generally approved for
use in pressure applications such as cold water
supply applications outside the building
It is generally white or gray in color, but can be
other colors.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
a rigid thermoplastic pipe generally approved for
use in potable hot and cold water supply, fire
suppression sprinkler systems in residences, and in
process piping. beige or tan in color.
CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (CPVC)
a rigid thermoplastic pipe that is
generally approved for use in septic
tanks, drain fields, and storm sewers.
STYRENE RUBBER (SR)
a thermoplastic pipe material that is
typically used in chemical waste lines. It
can also be used for hot and cold water
applications. It is rarely used in building
plumbing systems, likely because it is
joined by heat fusion.
POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
an extremely expensive thermoplastic pipe that is used in ultrapure
water systems and industrial applications (e.g., pharmaceutical industry).
POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF)
Common in plumbing for potable water, corrosion
resistant, and long-lasting
COPPER
Improved version of cast iron, offering more flexibility
and strength.
DUCTILE IRON
Widely used in plumbing and drainage systems;
lightweight and corrosion-resistant.
PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE)
Similar to PVC but can handle hot water.
CPVC (CHLORINATED PVC)
Flexible, durable, and used for residential plumbing.
PEX (CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE)
Strong, flexible, and used for underground water and
gas lines
HDPE (HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE)
Common in drainage systems, lightweight and durable.
ABS (ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE)
Used in large-scale drainage and sewage systems.
REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPES (RCP)
Rarely used today due to health risks but were previously
used in water distribution.
ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES
Used in sewer systems and chemical applications due to
high corrosion resistance.
CERAMIC
Lightweight and resistant to chemicals, used in industrial
applications
FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP)
Combine metal strength with the lightweight (polymer) properties of
plastics. They are used to transport water, oil, gas, and other substances.
METAL-POLYMER COMPOSITES
an aluminum (AL) tube laminated
between two layers of PE plastic. It
carries long-term pressure and
temperature ratings of 200 psi at
73°F, and 160 psi at 140°F, which is
approved for use in cold water and
compressed air applications.
PE-AL-PE PIPE
an aluminum (AL) tube laminated
between two layers of temperature
resistant, PEX plastic. Cross-linking of
PE means that the molecular chains
are linked into a three-dimensional
network that makes PEX remarkably
durable within a wide range of
temperatures, pressures, and
chemicals.
PEX-AL-PEX PIPE
Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings
ANSI/ASMME B16.5
Standard Specification for
Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for
High-Temperature Service
ASTM A106
Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of
Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for
Moderate and High-Temperature Service
ASTM A234
High density polyethylene (PE)
pipes for potable water
supply – Specification
Polybutylene (PB) pipes for
potable water supply
Specification
PNS 152
Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride
(uPVC) pipes for potable water
supply – specification
PNS 65
Grey iron pipes for pressure
water lines- Specification
PNS 1991
FITTINGS FOR STEEL AND WROUGHT-IRON PIPE ARE MADE OF______ and ______
MALLEABLE IRON AND
CAST IRON
HE FITTINGS FOR PLASTIC, COPPER, AND BRASS PIPE ARE MADE OF THE ________ AS THE PIPE BEING CONNECTED.
SAME
MATERIALS
change the flow direction between two pipes
and come in 90°, 45°, and 22° angles.
ELBOW PIPE FITTINGS
Use a
________ for pipes with the same diameter
and a _________ for pipes with different
diameters
normal elbow, reducer elbow
a pipe fitting that decreases pipe size, allowing
seamless flow adjustment from larger to smaller
pipes without disrupting water flow
REDUCER PIPE FITTINGS
a T-shaped plumbing component with one inlet
and two 90° outlets, used to split or merge flow.
TEE TYPE PIPE FITTING
have four openings for connecting four pipes at
a point. They are often used in fire sprinkler
systems but can create more stress on pipes due
to their central location in the connections.
CROSS TYPE
connect pipes of the same diameter
and are useful for repairs or leaks.
COUPLING
There are two
types: _________, which are easy to install
and can repair damaged tubing, and
_____________, which use gaskets or
seals to prevent leaks when glue isn’t available
slip couplings, compression couplings
a fitting similar to a coupling, but it
can be removed for maintenance, unlike
couplings.
UNIONS
used to connect pipes without special or plain
ends, with male or female threads depending on
the situation.
Adapters
used to close pipe openings during inspections
and repairs.
Plug
function like plugs but have female threads
that screw onto the male threads of pipes. They
come in various materials, including rubber,
copper, steel, and plastic
CAP
Threaded joints, insert fittings with crimped connections or clamped
connections ; hub and spigot; and flared (metal to metal) joints.
BY MECHANICAL JOINING TECHNIQUES
a type of connection for tubing or pipe where a nut, and then a sleeve or
ferrule, is placed over a copper or plastic tube, and is compressed tightly
around the tube as the nut is tightened, forming a positive grip and seal
without soldering.
BY COMPRESSION FITTING
involves melting solder to a temperature below 840°F (449°C), usually in the
range of 350° to 550°F (177° to 288°C).
BY SOLDERING
involves melting the metal filler above 430°C (800°F), usually in the range of
1100° to 1500°F (593° to 816°C), but still below the melting temperature of the
metals to be joined.
BY BRAZING
involves joining two or more pieces of metal by the application of heat. And
offers the greatest physical strength.
BY WELDING
involves coating the plastic surfaces with a prime coat and a solvent cement
coat before they are joined.
BY SOLVENT CEMENTING
which involves heating the surfaces until they melt, allowing them to be joined.
BY FUSION WELDING
Are used to control flow of the water throughout the system
VALVES
is a manual valve that has a wedge-shaped leaf
that, when closed, seals tightly against two
metal seats that are set at slight angles
GATE VALVES
usually used where the flow of the water is left
either completely opened or closed for most of
the time
not used to regulate flow of water but it is used
to shut off the flow of water such as to fixtures
and equipment when repairs or replacement
must be made
Gate Valves
is a manual, compression-type valve,
commonly used where there is occasional or
periodic use, such as lavatories (faucets) and
hose connections (called hose bibbs
regulates the flow of water
GLOBE VALVES
is a manual valve similar in operation to the
globe valve, utilizing the same principle of
compressing a washer against a metal seat to
cut the flow of water
It is commonly used for outside hose bibbs
ANGLE VALVES
The ______ has a much higher friction loss
than the gate valve and about half the friction
loss of the globe valve.
angle valve
opens to allow the flow of water in the
direction desired and prevents flow in the
other direction
CHECK VALVES
In the ________ design, the pressure
of the water forces the valve gate to swing
open, but once the flow stops, gravity causes
the gate to fall closed, preventing a reversal of
the flow
swing check valve
the gate in a ___________ is
spring loaded. Water pressure forces the gate
open much like the swing type, but when the
flow stops, a spring (not gravity) forces the
gate closed
spring check valve
is a manual valve that has a ball with a hole
through it that is mounted between two seat
BALL VALVES
frequently called a tempering valve or mixing
valve, is an automatic valve thermostatically
blends hot and cold water to desired
temperatures and to prevent scalding
THERMOSTATIC VALVES
are designed to automatically discharge for a
specific length of time and thus deliver a fixed
quantity of water before closing off flow. They
operate by pushing down or against the valve
handle to ensure that water is shut off after a
short period of time.
METERED VALVES
is a metered valve that discharges a predetermined
quantity of water to fixtures for flushing purposes
(e.g., water closets and urinals) and is closed by direct
water pressures
FLUSHOMETER VALVES
automatically adjusts the rate of water flow to a
predetermined flow rate as pressure in the
system varies. They can be used to limit flow at a
fixture outlet thereby holding demand to a
required minimum
FLOW CONTROL VALVES
is a safety valve designed to limit pressure of a liquid vapor
or gas. These valves are specified such that the valve
remains closed at normal operating pressures yet it is
allowed to open to release excessive pressure. They are
commonly found as a safety feature on water heaters and
boilers.
TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE RELIEF (T/P)
VALVE
is an adjustable valve designed to reduce pressure to a
specific setting. These valves are commonly used in building
plumbing systems where street water pressure is excessive
and needs to be reduced before being sent to plumbing
fixtures.
PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVE
is a valve designed to accept the threaded
connection of a hose
HOSE BIBB (SILL COCK)
________hose bibb has a long body that
when placed in an exterior wall, cuts off the
water supply near the interior wall surface.
Freezeless
_________ hose bibbs require a specially designed
knob to open the valve, which prevents use by
the general public.
Secured
Modern urinals and water closets (toilets)
use a sensor-operated valve that
automatically flushes the fixture when a
user depart
SENSOR-OPERATED VALVES
refers to the standard size of the pipe that the valve will fit into. It
ensures that the valve matches the pipe’s size, allowing the correct amount
of fluid to pass through without obstruction.
NORMAL PIPE SIZE (NPC)
The measurement of the inside of the pipe or fitting. This is important
because it determines the flow capacity and how much fluid can pass
through.
INNER DIAMETER
The measurement of the outside of the pipe or fitting. This is crucial for
ensuring the proper fitting and installation into the system
OUTER DIAMETER
________ is the amount of fluid that can pass through the valve or pipe per
unit of time.
Flow Rate
__________ is the speed at which the fluid flows through the pipe.
Velocity
Valves and fittings should withstand the ________ and ________
of the system
operating pressure, temperature
Refer to how the valve or fitting connects to the piping system
END CONNECTION TYPES
Involve screwing the pump’s inlet and outlet ports directly into the piping
system.
THREADED CONNECTIONS
External threads that fit into female threads
Male Threads:
Internal threads that receive male threads
Female Threads:
Involves the use of flanges—flat, circular discs with bolt holes—that are
bolted together to create a seal
FLANGE CONNECTIONS
These are the flat discs that connect to the pump and the pipe.
Flanges
A sealing material placed between the flanges to prevent leaks
Gasket
Fasteners that secure the flanges together
Bolts and Nuts
A _________ is an approved receptacle, device, or
appliance that uses water and discharges wastewater such as a
water closet, urinal, faucet, shower, dishwasher, drinking
fountain, hose connection, hose bibb, water heater, water
softener, underground sprinkler, hot tub, spa, and clothes
washer. T
plumbing fixture
_________ are the only part of the plumbing system that
the owners or occupants of the building will see regularly
because most of the plumbing piping is concealed in walls and
floors.
Plumbing fixtures
A plumbing fixture that serves as an
indoor receptacle and removal system for
human waste
WATER CLOSETS
Toilets can be divided into two main
categories: ______ and _______
gravity-fed and pressure
assisted.
A _________ water closet has a water tank
as part of the fixture. As the handle or
button on a water closet is pushed, it lifts
the valve in the tank, releasing the water
to flush out the bowl.
flush tank
_________ closets have no tank to
supply water. Instead, when the handle is
pushed, the water to flush the bowl comes
directly from the water supply system at a
high rate of flow.
Flush valve water
________ are plumbing fixtures that are
commonly used in public restrooms where it
is desirable to reduce possible contamination
of the water closet seats
Urinals
A ___________ is a urinal eliminate potable
water consumption for urinal flushing. It looks very
much like a conventional urinal except the flush
valve and piping that is normally positioned above
the fixture is omitted
waterless urinal
_________ are personal hygiene plumbing
fixtures used for genital and perineal
cleanliness. It is typically used after using
the water closet
Bidets
__________ are plumbing fixtures used for bathing
Bathtubs
A ___________ is an overhead nozzle
that sprays water down on the bather.
Shower fittings may be placed over
bathtubs instead of having a separate
shower space
showerhead
A________ is a bathroom basin or sink
used for personal hygiene. Lavatories are
generally available in vitreous china or
enameled iron, or they may be cast in
plastic or a plastic compound with the
basin an integral part of the countertop.
lavatory
__________ lavatories have a finished rim that
is placed directly over the countertop opening.
Self-rimming
________ lavatories are installation in
which a lavatory (or sink) is attached to the
underside of a countertop.
Undercounter
have a basin that is
supported primarily by a freestanding pedestal
leg
Pedestal lavatories
_________ are most commonly made of
enameled cast iron or stainless steel. Sinks are
usually available in a single- or double-bowl
arrangement; some even have a third bowl,
which is much smaller.
Kitchen sinks
A ________ is
typically connected to one of the sink drains.
waste disposal
has a deep, fixed basin that is
supplied with hot and cold water and is used for rinsing
mops and disposing of cleaning water. They are often
called slop sinks or mop sinks.
utility or service sink
Sinks are often
called ______ or ________.
slop sinks or mop sinks
sometimes called trays, are large
deep sinks used in laundry rooms. They are
usually available in a single or double-bowl
arrangement
Laundry tubs
offer users a limitless supply
of drinking water at any location where water
and sanitary drainage are readily available
Drinking fountains
can deliver 8 gal/hr (30 L/hr) or
more of chilled drinking water. They require
connections to power, water, and drainage.
Water coolers
are
available in wall-mounted and floor units.
should not
be installed in PUBLIC RESTROOMS.
Drinking fountains and water coolers
include eye-face
washes, drench showers,
decontamination units, portables,
and accessories designed for use
wherever hazardous substances are
present
Emergency fixtures
Common for
toilets, sinks, and tubs due to durability
and ease of cleaning.
Porcelain and Ceramic
Often used for sinks due
to its strength and resistance to
corrosion.
Stainless Stee
Used in shower doors or vanity
sinks for a modern aesthetic
Glass
Lightweight, flexible material
often used for bathtubs and showers.
Acrylic
Lightweight, flexible material
often used for bathtubs and showers.
Acrylic
Fixtures are attached to the wall, ideal for saving floor space
Wall-Mounted
Sinks placed on a countertop or vanity.
Countertop
Stand-alone units like bathtubs.
Freestanding
Ensure proper connection to hot and cold water lines
Water Inlets
Proper alignment and sealing are key to avoiding leaks.
Drains
Necessary to prevent backups and ensure smooth drainage.
Vents
is a personal hygiene facility provided to allow the use of a water closet by
members of the public, or by patrons or customers.
restroom
Restrooms with multiple water closets should have _______
partitioned
stalls (required by code)
can present accessibility challenges for people with disabilities.
Public restrooms
a set of specifications written by a professional organization or
group of professionals that seek to standardize materials, components,
equipment, or methods of construction/ operation.
standard
a national organization that develops
standards, tests, and qualifies products used in gas lines and gas appliance
installations.
American Gas Association, Inc. (AGA),
is a private, nonprofit organization
that coordinates the work between standards writing groups in the United States (e.g.,
International Standard Organization, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
American Society for Testing of Materials, and so on).
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
is an international standardswriting organization that develops voluntary standards for materials, products,
systems, and services. • American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), a national
organization that develops standards for plumbing materials and products
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
is a national organization that
develops standards and qualifies products for plumbing and sanitary installations
American Society of Sanitary Engineering, Inc. (ASSE)
is a nonprofit organization that tests and qualifies
valve and fitting products under UL standards.
Underwriter’s Laboratory, Inc. (UL)
is a national organization that promotes
public health through the improvement of the quality of water. Develops standards
for drinking water, valves, fittings, and other equipment
American Water Works Association (AWWA),
..is a Canadian association that develops
standards, tests, and qualifies products used in gas lines and gas appliance
installations.
Canadian Gas Association, Inc. (CGA)
is a worldwide standard coordinating
organization that offers internationally recognized certification for manufacturers
that comply with high standards of quality control
International Standard Organization (ISO)
is
a nonprofit technical association consisting of a group of manufacturers that
develops technical codes and standards for the valve and fitting industry.
Mechanical Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc. (MSS)
is a nonprofit organization known for its
role in developing standards for equipment, products, and services. Many standards
govern drinking water treatment chemicals and plumbing system components.
National Sanitation Foundation, Inc. (NSF)
local ordinance (a law) that establishes the minimum requirements for the
design, construction, use, renovation, alteration, and demolition of a building and its
systems
Building code
is a collection of standards and specifications written and compiled
by a group of professionals and made available for adoption by state and local jurisdictions.
model building code
The _________ of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is an update of
the tenets established in the “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” approved on 18 June 1955 as
amended on 28 November 1959.
basic principles
Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient
volume and at pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactorily and without
undue noise under all normal conditions of use.
Principle No. 2
..Every building has plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation,
occupancy, or use on premises abutting a street, alley, or easement where there is a public
sewer shall be connected to the sewer system.
Principle No. 5
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non- ·absorbent material, free from
concealed fouling surfaces, and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
Principle No.7
..If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no
sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the
building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a
septic tank
Principle No. 17
-All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their
intended use.
Principle No. 20
Quality of Fixtures - plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of dense, durable, non-absorbent
materials and must have smooth - impervious surfaces, free from unnecessary concealed
fouling surfaces
Section 401- MATERIALS-GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
__________ for public use shall be the elongated bowl types equipped with open-front
seats. Water closet seats shall be of smooth non-absorbent material and properly sized for the
water closet bowl used..
Water closet bowls
Special-use fixtures may be made of soapstone) chemical stoneware or may be lined
with lead, copper base alloy, nickel-copper alloy, corrosion-resisting steel or other
materials specially suited for the use which the fixture is intended.
Section 402 - MATERIALS- ALTERNATIVES
When any fixture is provided with an overflow outlet, the waste shall be so arranged that
the standing water inside the fixture cannot rise inside the overflow way when the
stopper is closed nor remain inside the overflow way when the fixture is empty.
Section 403 - OVERFLOWS
is a representative of a governmental entity who performs the local
administration and enforcement of the codes
building inspector
inspections are mandatory on the local level in those municipalities that have
implemented inspection requirements in their plumbing code.
Plumbing
The inspector reviews the sewer and water services coming
from the city mains to the property
Underground Inspection
This is an inspection of the interior drainage, waste vent, and
water supply piping
Rough-In Inspection
This is the inspection of the final setting of fixtures (bathtub, water
closet, lavatory, kitchen sink, and so on.). The inspector looks for proper fixture setting
and alignment, proper caulking around fixtures, acceptable shower valves, and so forth.
Final Inspection
