Plumbing Arithmetic Flashcards
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considered as fixed cost
interest, taxes, amortization, insurance
reduction in the level of national income and output usually accompanied by the fall in the general price level
Deflation
market whereby there is only one buyer of an item for which there are no good substitute
Monopsony
market situation where there is only one seller with many buyer
Monopoly
a condition where only few individuals produce a certain product and that any action of one will lead to almost the same action of the others.
Oligopoly
a market which there are few buyers but many sellers
Oligopsony
market situation where there are few sellers and few buyers
bilateral oligopoly
market situation where there is one seller and one buyer
bilateral monopoly
Market situation where there is one seller and one buyer
bilateral monopoly
situation in which two suppliers dominate the market for a commodity service
duopoly
market situation where there are only two buyers and many sellers
DUOPSONY
occurs in a situation where a commodity or service is supplied by a
number of vendors entering the market
PERFECT COMPETITION
direct labor cost incurred in the factory and direct material cost; the sum of
these two direct cost
PRIME COST
artificial expense that spread the purchase price of an asset or another
property over a number of year; decrease in the value of a physical property due to passage
of time
DERECIATION
present worth of all depreciation over the economic life of the
item
DEPRECIATION RECOVERY
estimated value at the end of useful life
SALVAGE VALUE
amount which a willing buyer will pay to a willing seller for a property where
each has equal advantage
MARKET VALUE
gross profit, sales less cost of goods sold, as a percentage of a sale
GROSS MARGIN
worth of the property equals to the original cost less depreciation
BOOK VALUE
grand total of the assets and operational capability of corporation
AUTHORIZED CAPITAL
liquid assets such as cash and other assets that can be converted quickly
into cash
CURRENT ASSETS
amount by which revenue from sales exceeds costs in a business
PROFIT MARGIN
those funds that are required to make the enterprise or project going
WORKING CAPITAL
future value less the present value
DISCOUNT
the profit derived from a project or business enterprise without
consideration of obligations to financial contributions
ECONOMIC RETURN
Intangible value which is actually operating concern due to its operation
GOING VALUE
nterest rate at which the present worth of the cash on the project is zero of
the interest earned by an investment
RATE OF RETURN
as applied to capitalized asset, the distribution of the initial cost by periodic changes to operation as in depreciation or reduction of debt
AMORTIZATION
value which has a disinterested third party, different from the buyer and seller, that determines the price acceptable to both parties
FAIR VALUE
method of depreciation whereby the amount to recover is spread
uniformly over the estimated life of the asset in terms of the periods or units of output
STRAIGHT LINE METHOD
a method of computing depreciation in which the annual charge is a fixed percentage of the depreciation book value at the beginning of the year
DECLINING BALANCE METHOD
method of depreciation where a fixed sum of money is regularly
deposited at compound interest in a real or imaginary fund in order to accumulate an amount
equal to the total depreciation of an asset at the end of the asset’s estimated life
SINKING FUND METHOD
the lessening of the value of an asset due to the decrease in the quantity
available (referring to the natural resource like coal, oil, etc.)
DEPLETION
an association of two or more persons for a purpose of engaging in a profitable business
PARTNERSHIP
simplest form of a business organization
SOLE PROPRITORSHIP
distinct legal entity which can practically transact any business transaction
a real person could do
CORPORATION
type of ownership in business where individual exercise and enjoy the right in their own interest
PRIVATE
true value of interest rate computed by equations for compound interest
for 1-year period
EFFECTIVE INTEREST
interest payment divided by principal amount
INTEREST RATE
represents ownership and enjoys certain preferences than ordinary stock
PREFERED STOCK
represents ownership of stockholders who have a residual claim on the
assets of the corporation after all other claims have been settled
COMMON STOCK
a certificate of indebtedness of a corporation usually for period not less than 10 years and guaranteed by mortgage on certain assets of the corporation
BOND
bond where the corporation pledges securities which it owns,
stocks, bonds of its subsidiaries
COLLATERAL TRUST BOND
bond which does not have security except a promise to pay the issuing
corporation
DEBENTURE BOND
bond issued jointly by two or more corporations
JOINT BOND
bond where guaranty in in lien on railroad equipment
EQUIPMENT OBLIGATIONS BOND
the security of the bond is a mortgage on certain specified asset of a corporation
MORTGAGE BOND
bond where the corporation’s owners names are recorded and the
interest is paid periodically to the owners
REGISTERED BOND
bond to which coupons are attached indicating the interest due and the
date when such interest is to be paid
CUOPON BOND
deliberate lowering of the price of a nation’s currency in terms of
the accepted standard
CURRENCY DEVALUATION
denotes the fall in the exchange rate of one currency in terms of others
CURRENCY DEPRECIATION
graphical presentation of cumulative frequency distribution in a set of statistical data
OGIVE
frequency curve composed of series of rectangles with the steps as the base
and frequency as the height
HISTOGRAM
the sharpness of the peak of a frequency-distribution curve
KURTOSIS
having a greater kurtosis than the normal distribution; more concentrated
about the mean
LEPTOKURTIC
sequence of numbers where the succeeding term is greater than the
preceding term
DIVERGENT SERIES
sequence of numbers where the succeeding term is less than the
preceding term
CONVERGENT SERIES
unsuitable or unusual combination
DISSONANT SERIES
without change of intervals
ISOMETRIC SERIES
part of theorem which is assumed to be true
HYPOTHESIS
statement of truth which is admitted without proof; proposition of a general logical nature
AXIOM
statement of truth which follows little or no proof from the theorem
COROLLARY
refers to the construction of drawing lines and figures
POSTULATE
mathematical statement which has neither been proved nor denied
CONJECTURE
proved proposition which is useful mainly as a preliminary; ancillary theorem whose
result is not target
LEMMA
proposition that is reached from given premises
CONCLUSIONS
a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument
FALLACY
a statement of proposition that despite sound reasoning, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless
PARADOX
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21…
triangular numbers
1, 4, 9, 16, 25 …
square numbers
1, 5, 12, 22, 35 …
pentagon numbers
1, 8, 27, 64, 125 …
cubic numbers
1, 4, 10, 20, 35, 56 …
tetrahedral numbers
an equation in which variables appear under radical symbol
IRRATIONAL EQUATION
an equation which is satisfied by all values of the variable
RATIONAL EQUATION
an equation which has an extra root
REDUNDANT EQUATION
an equation in which some or all of the known quantities are represented by letters
LITERAL EQUATION
An equation whose members are equal only for certain events
CONDITIONAL EQUATION
a=b; b=c; then a=c
TRANSITIVE LAW
counting numbers
NATURAL NUMBERS
non-terminating and non-repeating
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
if a=b then b can replace a
SUBSTITUTION LAW
has fewer roots than its original
DEFECTIVE EQUATION
a=a
RELEXIVE LAW
non-terminating but repeating
RATIONAL NUMBERS
count objects in a given collection
CARDINAL NUMBERS
state position of individual objects in a sequence
ORDINAL NUMBERS
arrangement of the object in specific order
permutation
arrangement of object regardless of the order they’re arranged
combination
ratio of the successful outcomes over the total possible outcomes
probability
highest score minus lowest score
range
(standard deviation)^2
variance
50% fall below and 50% fall above
median
average
mean
most frequent in a group of numbers
mode
approximate value minus exact value
absolute value
absolute error divided by the true value
relative error
inscribed in a given triangle whose vertices are the feet of the three perpendiculars to the sides; triangle with minimum perimeter but maximum area
pedal triangle
a right triangle whose length of sides may be expressed as ration of
integral units
primitive triangle
triangle with no sides equal
scalen triangle
equal to the sum of all its possible divisors except the number itself
PERFECT NUMBER
sum of all its possible divisors except the number itself is greater than the
integer
ABUNDANT NUMBER
two integers whose each is the sum of all possible divisors of each other
AMICABLE NUMBERS or FRIENDLY NUMBERS
In a√𝑏 (a, b, √ )
a = index
b= radicand
√ = radical symbol
sum of all its possible divisors except the number itself is less than the
integer
DEFECTIVE NUMBER
quadratic numbers parts (ax2+bx+c)
sum of roots. r1+r2=c/a
product of roots, r1 x r2 = -b/a
discriminant, b2-4ac
spherical triangle with all angles equal to the right triangle
BIRECTANGULAR
spherical triangle with at least one side is a quarter of a great circle
TRIRECTANGULAR
one of the two great circles intersecting at right angle at the piles and dividing
equinoctial points and ecliptic into 4 parts
COLLURE
angular distance from the equator measured along a meridian
LATTITUDE
– angle at either pole between the meridian passing through a point and some
fixed meridian known as prime meridian
LONGITUDE
– point where a ray from the center of the earth through an observer’s position on it
intersects the celestial sphere
ZENITH
– dramatically opposite the zenith
NADIR
– an angular unit equivalent to 1/4000 of the
circumference
GRAD or GON or CENTERIMAL DEGREE
STERADIANS – measurement of solid angles
– largest measure in steradians of a solid angle
4π
– five-pointed star described by the diagonals of a regular pentagon
PENTAGRAM or PENACLE
– geometric figure remaining after a parallelogram has been removed from one
corner of a larger similar polygon
GNOMON
– an oblique – angled parallelogram with four sides equal
DIAMOND/ RHOMBUS/ LOZENGE
– non-convex quadrilateral with two parts of adjacent equal sides
DELTROID
– solid bounded by a zone and the planes of the zone’s base
SPHERICAL SEGMENT
– portion of a sphere enclosed between two great semi-circles having common end
points, including the semi-circle
ZONE
– solid bounded by two great circles and the surface of a sphere
SHERICAL WEDGE
– a cone or cylinder with its top cut off by plane oblique to the base
UNGULA
– cylinder with elliptical cross section
CYLINDROID
– regular solid star in a shape that is radiating from center like rays of stars
STELLATED SOLID
– a doughnut-like surface of revolution generated by rotating the circle through 360
TORUS
– regular solid star in a shape that is radiating from center like rays of stars
STELLATED SOLID
– formed by intersection of rays from one point reflected or refracted from a
curvature surface
CAUSTIC
locus of points on a side which rolls along a fixed line
CYCLOID
– the set of points in a plane where the sum of whose distance from a fixed point is
constant
CIRCLE
locus of point which move so that it is always equidistant from a fixed point (focus)
and from a fixed straight line (directrix)
PARABOLA –
locus of point which moves so that the sum of the distances from two fixed points
(foci) is constant and is equal to the length of major axis
ELLIPSE
– locus of point in plane so that the difference of its distance from two fixes points
(foci) is constant
HYPERBOLA
– the plane curve traced out by a fixed point on the circle as the circle rolls along a
line
CYCLOID
– rolls outside of a fixed circle
EPICYCLOID
– rolls inside of a fixed circle
HYPOCYCLOID
– continuous curve traced by a point moving around a fixed point in same plane with
steadily increasing or decreasing distances
SPIRAL
– Ellipse is rotated about its shorter axis
OBLATE
– Ellipse is rotated about its longer axis
PROLATE
EVOLUTE – curve that describe the locus of the centers of another curve to which its tangents
are normal
ENVELOPE
– locus of the ultimate intersections of curves in a system of curves; tangential to
each of the family of curves of surfaces
ENVELOPE
– locus of a point that the radius vector is proportional to its vectorial
angle
SPIRAL OF ARCHIMEDES
– locus of a point which rolls on a straight line (x-axis)
TROCHOID
- inspiration of Pappus’ proposition
APPLE AND LEMON
CATENOID – solid generated by catenary (y=coshx) is rotated about its axis of symmetry
CATENOID
1 horsepower = 746 Watts
334 Kj kg – Latent heat fusion required to turn ice to liquid
273 °K – melting point of ice
0 °K – absolute zero temperature
4 °C – densed condition of water
760mm of Hg – Standard atmospheric pressure
14.7 psi – Standard atmospheric pressure
1000kg/cu.m. – density of water
4.19 Kj/kg-°C – Specific heat capacity of water
2.72 – Naperian Logarithm
1 horsepower = 746 Watts
334 Kj kg – Latent heat fusion required to turn ice to liquid
273 °K – melting point of ice
0 °K – absolute zero temperature
4 °C – densed condition of water
760mm of Hg – Standard atmospheric pressure
14.7 psi – Standard atmospheric pressure
1000kg/cu.m. – density of water
4.19 Kj/kg-°C – Specific heat capacity of water
2.72 – Naperian Logarithm
first term of ratio
ANTECEDENT,
second term of ratio
CONSEQUENT
– property by virtue of which a body tends to return to its original size of shape after
a deformation
ELASTICITY
quality of being physically elongated
plasticity
– ability to deform under pressure
MALLEABILITY
– ability of material to break into pieces upon application of tensile force without
any elongation
BRITTLENESS
– ability of material to withstand tensile force when it is applied as it undergoes
plastic deformation
DUCTILITY
– ability of a material to be easily bend or change in shape
FLEXIBILITY
– transmission of heat from one place to another by fluid circulation
CONVECTION
– transmission of heat that occurs in space in the form of electromagnetic waves
RADIATION
– penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive
decay of atomic nuclei
GAMMA RADIATION
– measure of randomness of the molecules of a substance
ENTROPY
CHARLES’ LAW:
v1t1=v1t2 constant pressure
– sum of the internal energy of a body or system and the products of its volume
multiplied by the pressure
ENTHALPY
BOYLE’S LAW:
p1v1=p2v2 contant temperature
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW:
p1t1=p2t2 constant volume
– mass to which a force of one pound will give an acceleration of one foot per second
SLUG
PERFECT GAS:
p1v1/t1=p2v2/t2 also called ideal gas
POUND, DYNE, NEWTON
– unit of force
JOULES, KILOWATT-HOUR, ERG –
unit of works
WATT, KILOWATT, HORSEPOWER –
unit of power
– energy by virtue of the object’s motion
KINETIC ENERGY
– energy by virtue of the object’s position
POTENTAL ENERGY
– energy by virtue of object’s mass
REST ENERGY
– energy of an object ue to its vertical separation from
earth’s surface
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
– energy stored in a stretched or compressed elastic material such
as spring
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
greatest unit pressure the soil can continuously stand
BEARING STRENGTH –
the distance that the top surface is displaced in the direction of the force
divided by the thickness of the body
SHEAR STRAIN –
– ratio of the tensile stress to tensile strain
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY or YOUNG’S MODULUS
– energy of the atoms and molecules due to their random motion
THERMAL ENERGY
– amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of water to 1°C
CALORIE
– amount of heat needed to change the temperature of a unit
quantity by 1°
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
– where product of mass and moment arm sums up to zero
CENTER OF MASS
– point through which the resultant of the distributed gravity force passes
regardless of the orientation of the body in space
CENTER OF GRAVITY
– stress caused by a force acting perpendicular to the area of the force
BEARING STRESS
stress caused by force acting along parallel to the area of the force
SHEARING STRESS –
– modulus of elasticity in shear
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY
– highest ordinate on the stress-strain diagram
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
– stress beyond which material will not return to original shape when unloaded
ELASTIC LIMIT
– ratio of the unit lateral deformation to the unit longitudinal deformation
POISSON RATIO
– actual stress the material has when under load
WORKING STRESS
– ratio of the volume stress to the volume strain
BULK MODULUS
– Force over area
STRESS
