Pleural Effusion and Malignancy Flashcards
What are the two types of pleura?
- Visceral - surrounding lungs - forms interlobal fissures
- Parietal - attached to body wall - covers mediastinum, diaphragm and inner surface of the thorax
What is the space formed due to the inferior borders of the pleural being much lower than the lung bases?
Costodiaphragmatic recess
How much intrapleural fluid should there be and what is its function?
4ml
Allows for pleura to stick together slightly and slide smoothy over each other
How much intrpleural fluid is required to be visible ona CXR?
200ml
What is a pleural effusion?
An abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space
Which tests are required when there is a pleural effusion?
- CXR
- Pleural aspiration - sample of fluid tests for transudate or exudate
- Cytology tests
- Culturing of fluid to test for presence of microbes
- Contrast enhanced CT scan or pleural biopsy may be required
If the pleural fluid is straw coloured what can this mean?
Cardiac failure
Hypoalbuminaemia
If pleural fluid is bloody what can this suggest?
Trauma
Malignancy
Infection
Infarction
What can it signify if pleural fluid is milky/turbid?
Empyema
Chylothorax - accumulation of chyle - lymph from digestive system
When pleural fluid is foul smelling, what can this mean?
Anaerobic empyema present
If food particles are present in the pleural fluid what does this signify?
Ruptured oesophagus
If there is a bilateral pleural effusion what may be the cause?
LVF
Drugs
What is transudate fluid?
Low protein count (<30g/l)
What is exudate fluid?
High protein count (>30g/l)
Usually transudate fluid is associated with __________ conditions
Benign
What is the normal pH for pleural fluid?
7.6
At what pH will pleural fluid:
- Suggest inflammation
- Require draining due to high infection risk
- 7.3
- 7.2