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ORG ANA LEC > Pleura and Lungs > Flashcards

Pleura and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Suprasternal Notch

A

lower border of body of T2 and upper border of manubrium

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2
Q

Subcostal Angle

A

between sternum and 7th costal cartilage

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3
Q

Costal Margin

A

10th rib at the level of T3

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4
Q

Central Tendon

A

opposite T9

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5
Q

Diaphragm Right Dome

A

superior border of 5th rib

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6
Q

Diaphragm Left Dome

A

inferior border of 5th rib

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7
Q

Nipple

A

4th intercostal space; 4 inches from midline

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8
Q

Apex Beat

A

5th intercostal space; 3.5 inches from midline

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9
Q

Scapula

A

T2: superior angle
T3: spinous process
T7: inferior angle

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10
Q

Apex

A

1 inch above junction of medial and intermediate thirds of the clavicle

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11
Q

Right Lung

A

from sternoclavicular joint reaches midline behind sternal angle until xiphisternal joint

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12
Q

Left Lung

A

from behind sternoclavicular joint deviates laterally at the lateral margin of the sternum at the 4th costal cartilage

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13
Q

Inferior Border of the Lungs

A

midclavicular: 6th rib
midaxillary: 8th rib
paravertebral: 10th rib

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14
Q

Posterior Border

A

C7-T12; 1.5 in from midline

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15
Q

Oblique Fissure

A

from T3 to 6th rib to 6th costochondral junction

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16
Q

Oblique Fissure on Lobes of Left Lung

A

upper lobe: above and anterior
lower lobe: below and posterior

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17
Q

Horizontal Fissures on Lobes of Right Lung

A

upper lobe: above
middle lobe: below
lower lobe: below and posterior

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18
Q

Horizontal Fissures

A

along 4th costal cartilage to meet oblique fissure at midaxillary line

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19
Q

Cervical Pleura

A

1 inch above clavicle

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20
Q

Anterior Border of Right Pleura

A

behind SC –> midline behind sternal angle –> xiphisternal joint

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21
Q

Anterior Border of Left Pleura

A

behind SC –> midline behind sternal angle –> 4th costal cartilage –> deviates laterally –> cardiac notch

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22
Q

Lower Border of Pleura

A

midclavicular: 8th rib
midaxillary: 10th rib
paravertebral: 12th rib

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23
Q

Costodiaphragmatic Recess

A

between lung and pleura

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24
Q

Pleural Reflection

A

midclavicular: rib 8
midaxillary: rib 10
paravertebral: rib 12

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25
Q

Apex Beat of the Heart

A

formed by left ventricle
at 5th left intercostal space; 3.5 in from midline

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26
Q

Superior Border of Heart

A

roots of great blood vessels
2nd left costal cartilage until 3rd right costal cartilage

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27
Q

Right Border of the Heart

A

right atrium
3rd right costal cartilage to 6th right costal cartilage

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28
Q

Left Border of the Heart

A

left ventricle
2nd left costal cartilage to apex beat

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29
Q

Inferior Border

A

right ventricle and apical part of left ventricle
6th right costal cartilage to apex beat

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30
Q

Sternum Fracture

A

not common (sternum held by costal cartilages)
can cause trauma to heart

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31
Q

Possible Injury to the Back of the Chest

A

spinal cord injury
scapula can be fractured in severe trauma
thoracic roots may be affected (everything else below will not function)

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32
Q

Rib Contusion

A

most common injury
bruising

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33
Q

Rib Fracture

A

at the angle of the rib
5th-10th rib
can cause pneumothorax

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34
Q

Flail Chest

A

section of chest has been detached due to multiple fractures

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35
Q

Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

incomplete fusion of the septum, transversum, dorsal mesentery, and pleuroperitoneal membrane

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36
Q

Hiccups

A

involuntary spasmodic contraction
gastric irritation of vagus nerve ending (C10)

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37
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in pleural cavity

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38
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity

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39
Q

Open pneumothorax

A

air presses on the lungs (cannot expand)

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40
Q

Thoracostomy

A

insertion of tube

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41
Q

Thoracotomy

A

open lung/ rib cage

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42
Q

Safe Triangle Boundaries

A

anterior: border of latissimus dorsi
laterally: border of pectoralis major
base: apex of axilla
horizontal: line level of nipple

43
Q

Anterior Approach of Needle Thoracostomy

A

2nd intercostal space

44
Q

Lateral Approach of Tube Thoracostomy

A

2nd intercostal space

45
Q

Anterior Approach of Tube Thoracostomy

A

4th-5th intercostal space

46
Q

Kyphosis

A

degeneration of intervertebral discs or compression fracture

47
Q

Pleural Cavities Boundaries

A

anterior: above rib 1 to root of neck
inferior: level just above costal margin
medial: mediastinum

48
Q

Pulmonary Ligament

A

at the hilum
allows movement of pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration

49
Q

Pulmonary Cavity

A

space between parietal and visceral pleura
lessens friction

50
Q

Cervical Pleura

A

dome shape of parietal pleura lining the cervical extension
supplied by costal nerve

51
Q

Costal Pleura

A

inner surface of ribs, costal cartilage, and sides of vertebral bodies and back of sternum
supplied by intercostal nerves

52
Q

Mediastinal Pleura

A

covers the mediastinum
supplied by phrenic nerve

53
Q

Diaphragmatic Pleura

A

covers thoracic surface of diaphragm
supplied by phrenic and 6 intercostal nerves
sensitive to pain, touch, temperature, and pressure

54
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

attached to the surface of the lungs
supplied by visceral afferent nerve
only sensitive to stretch

55
Q

Recesses

A

provides potential spaces where fluid can accumulate and lungs enlarge

56
Q

Costodiaphragmatic Recess

A

between costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleura
lung expands during inspiration

57
Q

Costomediastinal Recess

A

anterior costal margin
largest on the left side

58
Q

Pleural Fluid

A

5-10ml
lubricates
capillaries absorb pleural fluid
pleural effusion: abnormal accumulation of fluid

59
Q

Pleurisy or Pleuritis

A

inflammation of pleura

60
Q

Empyema

A

pus in pleural cavity

61
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

excess serous fluid in pleural cavity

62
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

nasal passages and sinuses
pharynx
larynx
upper portion of trachea

63
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract (Tracheobronchial Tree)

A

lower part of trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

64
Q

Trachea

A

5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter
from cricoid cartilage (C6) as a continuation of the larynx
divides to right and left bronchi at sternal angle (T4-T5 or carina)
nerve supply: branches from vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve and sympathetic trunk
not completely covered at the posterior with hyaline

65
Q

Trachealis

A

made up of fibroelastic wall with U shape hyaline cartilages that keep the lumen patent

66
Q

Trachealis Anterior Relationship

A

sternum
thymus gland
left brachiocephalic vein
origin of brachiocephalic
left common carotid artery
arch of aorta

67
Q

Trachealis Posterior Relationships

A

esophagus
left recurrent laryngeal nerve

68
Q

Trachealis Right Relationships

A

azygous vein
right vagus nerve
pleura

69
Q

Trachealis Left Relationships

A

arch of aorta
left common carotid artery
left subclavian arteries
left vagus
left phrenic
pleura

70
Q

Carina

A

end junction of trachea that separates the opening of bronchi

71
Q

Bronchi

A

bifurcates behind the arch of the aorta

72
Q

Bifurcation of Bronchus

A

trachea –> primary bronchus –> lobar bronchi —> segmental bronchi (bronchopulmonary segments) –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sac –> alveoli

73
Q

Lobar Bronchus (Right)

A

superior lobar
middle lobar
inferior lobar
wider, shorter, more vertical (1 inch long)

74
Q

Lobar Bronchus (Left)

A

superior lobe
inferior lobe
narrower, longer, more horizontal (2 inch long)

75
Q

Bronchioles

A

from division of the smallest bronchi
<1 mm
no cartilage
lined by columnar epithelium

76
Q

Terminal Bronchioles/ Respiratory Bronchioles

A

gas exchange between blood and air takes place
0.5mm

77
Q

Alveolar Ducts

A

branches from the respiratory bronchioles

78
Q

Alveolar Sacs

A

thin walled outpouching that consists of several alveoli opening in single chamber

79
Q

Bronchopulmonary Segments

A

subdivision of a lung lobe
pyramidal in shape
surrounded by connective tissue
has a segmented bronchus, artery, lymph vessel, and autonomic nerve
segmental vein: between bronchopulmonary segments

80
Q

Bronchopulmonary Segments of the Right Lung

A

superior: apical, anterior, posterior
middle: medial, lateral
inferior: apical basal, anterior basal, medial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

81
Q

Bronchopulmonary Segments of the Left Lung

A

superior: apical, anterior, posterior, superior lingular, inferior lingular
inferior: apical basal, medial basal, anterior basal, posterior basal, lateral basal

82
Q

Lungs

A

soft, spongy, and elastic
covered with visceral pleura

83
Q

Apex of the Lung

A

projects upward

84
Q

Base of the Lungs

A

sits on the diaphragm

85
Q

Costal Surface

A

corresponds to the concave chest wall

86
Q

Mediastinal Surface

A

molds into the pericardium and other mediastinal structure

87
Q

Hilum

A

depression in which the root of lung is attached
center/ middle of the lung

88
Q

Cardiac Notch

A

concave indentation of the anterior margin of left lung

89
Q

Lingula

A

tongue like projection from the inferior end of the cardiac notch

90
Q

Root and Hilum

A

collection of structures that attach the lung to the mediastinum

91
Q

Structures in the Hilum

A

pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
main bronchus
bronchial vessels
nerves
lymphatics

92
Q

Left Lung

A

2 lobes and 1 fissure
smaller
oblique fissure: T2 (posterior) to T6 (anterior) angulation
medial surface is adjacent to: heart, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, esophagus

93
Q

Right Lung

A

3 lobes and 2 fissures
slightly larger, heavier
oblique fissure: T2 (posterior) to T6 (anterior) angulation
horizontal fissure: 4th intercostal space
medial surface is adjacent to: heart, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, azygous vein, esophagus

94
Q

Non Respiratory Circuit

A

supplies the tissue
bronchial artery supplies the: bronchi, connective tissue of lungs, parietal pleura
bronchial vein drains to: azygous vein, hemiazygous vein

95
Q

Respiratory or Pulmonary Circuit

A

where gas exchange occurs
segmental arteries: deoxygenated blood to alveoli
intersegmental vein: oxygenated blood to left atrium

96
Q

Pulmonary Plexus

A

from efferent and afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent fibers

97
Q

Sympathetic Efferent

A

bronchodilation
vasoconstriction
inhibits alveolar glands

98
Q

Parasympathetic Efferent

A

bronchoconstriction
vasodilation
secremotor

99
Q

Quiet Inspiration

A

contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
first rib fixed by scaleni muscles

100
Q

Forced Inspiration

A

scalenus anterior and medius
sternocleidomastoid
scapula is fixed by trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboids muscles
serratus anterior and pectoralis minor pull ribs up

101
Q

Quiet Expiration

A

passive
elastic recoil of lungs
relaxation of diaphragm and intercostals
serratus posterior inferior and abdominal muscle

102
Q

Forced Expiration

A

active
force contraction of the anterior abdominal wall
quadratus lumborum pulls 12th rib downward
serratus posterior inferior and latissimus dorsi

103
Q

Abdominal Type of Respiration

A

common in babies and young children

104
Q

Thoracic Type of Respiration

A

common in adults (more common in females)

ORG ANA LEC (3 decks)

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