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PLC Flashcards

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1
Q

How many mm of rainfall fell in 2 hours onto Boscastle?

A

60mm

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2
Q

How much did insurance companies pay out for the Boscastle flood?

A

20 Million

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3
Q

What percentage of Boscastle’s income is derived from tourism?

A

90-95%

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4
Q

How many business premises were destroyed in Boscastle?

A

25

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5
Q

How many footbridges were washed away in Boscastle?

A

4

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6
Q

How many people were rescued in Boscastle? What was significant about the rescue operation?

A

100.

Largest rescue in peacetime Britain.

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7
Q

What was the cost of the new flood defenses installed at Boscastle in 2006?

A

£4.5 Million

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8
Q 
Fill in the figures:
\_\_\_\_\_Degrees north/south of the equator
\_\_\_\_\_Metres ocean depth
\_\_\_\_\_Ocean temperature
\_\_\_\_\_MPH winds
A

15
60
27
74

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9
Q

What speed did winds reach in Cyclone Nargis?

A

135mph

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10
Q

How high was the storm surge produced by Cyclone Nargis?

A

7.6 Metres

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11
Q

How far inland did floods reach on the Irrawady Delta?

A

40-50km

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12
Q

What was the cost of damage caused by Nargis?

How much did the US donate?

A

$4 Billion.

$41 Million.

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13
Q

How many deaths were caused by Nargis?

How many in the town of Labutta?

A

138,000.

80,000.

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14
Q

What category cyclone was Nargis?

A

Category 4

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15
Q

What local industry was decimated by Nargis?

A

Fishing

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16
Q

For how many days did the military government in Burma (Cyclone Nargis) prohibit foreign aid for? Why?

A

6 days because they didn’t want foreign intervention in Burma.

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17
Q

Mt Etna’s eruption also produced several earthquakes - what magnitude did these reach?

A

4.3 (on the Richter Scale)

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18
Q

Give the name of the plate boundaries that formed Mt Etna -what type of boundary is it and how do they behave?

A

The African and the Ionian Microplate both subduct below the Eurasian plate, even though they are all continental plates. It is therefore a destructive plate boundary.

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19
Q

How many homes in Santa Venerina were damaged?

A

Over 100

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20
Q

MT ETNA

How did authorities offer temporary residence to the displaced?

A

They took control of holiday homes and offered them as accommodation.

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21
Q

For how many days was the airport in Catania closed for?

A

4 days.

The implications of volcanic ash on aviation.

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22
Q

MT ETNA
How high was magma spurted into the air?
From how many vents?
Where did ash fall? How far south could it be seen?

A

100 meters.
2 vents.
The city of Catania. As far south as Libya.

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23
Q

Give the name of the plate boundaries that formed Nevada Del Ruiz -what type of boundary is it and how do they behave?

A

The oceanic Nazca plate subducts below the continental South American plate at a destructive plate boundary.

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24
Q

What type of volcanoes are Mt Etna and Nevada Del Ruiz?

A

Stratovolcanoes - steep sides formed because viscous magma cools quickly.

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25
Q

Which Colombian town did the Red Cross order an evacuation of?

A

Armero

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26
Q

How much did the Nevada Del Ruiz eruption cost the Colombian government? What percentage of their GDP was this?

A

$7.7 Billion.

20%.

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27
Q

Why was the Nevada Del Ruiz not predicted?

Why did the Colombian government not prepare?

A

Scientists did not know precisely when the eruption would occur, and the authorities would not take costly preventative measures without clear warnings of imminent danger. Because the volcano’s last substantial eruption occurred 140 years ago, it was also hard for many to accept the danger the volcano presented.

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28
Q

How many people were killed when the town of Chinchina was submerged by a lahar?

A

1927

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29
Q

Nevada Del Ruiz

What speed did Lahars travel at?

A

30MPH.

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30
Q

Why was it difficult for rescuers to reach the town of Armero?
Why was it difficult to treat people?

A

Hot Lahars has destroyed infrastructure.

Armero’s hospital was destroyed.

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31
Q

How many people were killed in the Nevada Del Ruiz eruption?

A

23,000

32
Q

What yearly event increases the likelihood of flood in Bangladesh?

A

Monsoon Season.

33
Q

What two natural factors cause Bangladesh’s floods?

A

Monsoon season.

Spring snow melt from the Himalayas.

34
Q

What percentage of Bangladesh is less than 1metre above sea level?

A

80%.

35
Q

How was Dhaka (Bangladesh’s capital city) affected?

A

Two- thirds of Dhaka was underwater for weeks?

36
Q

How many people were made homeless by the Bangladesh floods?
How many were killed?

A

30 Million.

1,070.

37
Q

How did the Bangladeshi government try to reduce food shortages?

A

Free seeds were offered to farmers.

38
Q

How many tons of cereal were given to those affected?

A

350,000 tons.

39
Q

What is a cluster village?

A

Raised villages housing around 25-30 families.

40
Q

How are people in Bangladesh now able to protect livestock during floods?

A

They can take them to flood shelters - areas of around 2 hectares that are raised to prevent them being flooded.

41
Q

What items were given to Bangladeshi villages to help them prepare for floods?

A

Radios.

42
Q

How has diverting the Ganges for irrigation purposes increased the risk of flooding?

A

Silt has been removed from the river which prevents the floodplain further downstream from being built up.

43
Q

Give two human factors that increased the risk of flooding in Bangladesh?

A

Diverting the Ganges.

Deforestation.

44
Q

What is the name of the climatic phenomenon that sometimes causes drought in Australia?

A

El Nino.

45
Q

What causes the El Nino effect?

A

When trade winds reverse direction to bring dry sinking air to Australia and cause warm ocean currents to travel towards South America, which experiences floods.

46
Q

How many sheep were lost between 2004 and 2006 in Australia?

A

2 Million.

47
Q

How did droughts in Australia cause urbanisation?

A

Farmers lost livestock and crops failed so they lost their incomes and searched for jobs in the city.

48
Q

What was a consequence of declining quality water in Australia?

A

Toxic algae formed

49
Q

Droughts provided the conditions needed for what type of natural hazard to emerge?

A

Bushfires and dust storms.

50
Q

How does the Australian government evenly distribute intensive water use?

A

Allocating different uses of water to even and odd numbered houses on different days.

51
Q

What is the rate of flow at High Force waterfall?

A

20 Cumecs

52
Q

What is the hard rock at High Force called?

A

Dolerite - Whinstone

53
Q

What is the soft rock at High Force called?

A

Carboniferous Limestone

54
Q

“The bedding planes on the stump at Charlie’ Garden Arch dip to the south side”

What does this show?

A

The direction that the stack slid (collapsed) to leave a stump.

55
Q

What industrial activity caused the sea floor to subside at Newbiggin?

A

Mining (under the sea floor)

56
Q

How many tons of sand was transported to Newbiggin from Skegness?

A

500,000 tons

57
Q

Has hard or soft engineering mainly been used at Newbiggin?

A

Hard engineering.

58
Q

Why is Cambridge a good location for a science park?

A
  • Greenfield sites meant the cost of land and development was affordable.
  • Good transport links. (easily accessible markets)
  • Close to Cambridge University.
  • Cambridge is a centre of the quaternary industry and by being closer together firms can work together.
  • Cambridge and the surrounding area offer a high quality of life and this attracts skilled workers.
59
Q

Why is Cambridge a good location for a science park?

A
  • Greenfield sites meant the cost of land and development was affordable.
  • Good transport links. (easily accessible markets)
  • Close to Cambridge University.
  • Cambridge is a centre of the quaternary industry and by being closer together firms can work together.
  • Cambridge and the surrounding area offer a high quality of life and this attracts skilled workers.
60
Q

Why is Cambridge a good location for a science park?

A
  • Greenfield sites meant the cost of land and development was affordable.
  • Good transport links. (easily accessible markets)
  • Close to Cambridge University.
  • Cambridge is a centre of the quaternary industry and by being closer together firms can work together.
  • Cambridge and the surrounding area offer a high quality of life and this attracts skilled workers.
61
Q

What percentage of the world’s toys are produced in the Pearl River Delta?

A

60%

62
Q

What are the social and economic advantages of being located in the Pearl River Delta?

A
  • Proximity to Hong Kong (access to markets)
  • Good transport links and port access (proximity to markets)
  • Government incentives
  • Flat and cheap land.
  • Huge and cheap labour market.
63
Q

What are the social and economic advantages of being located in the Pearl River Delta?

A
  • Proximity to Hong Kong (access to markets)
  • Good transport links and port access (proximity to markets)
  • Government incentives
  • Flat and cheap land.
  • Huge and cheap labour market.
64
Q

What are the social and economic advantages of being located in the Pearl River Delta?

A
  • Proximity to Hong Kong (access to markets)
  • Good transport links and port access (proximity to markets)
  • Government incentives
  • Flat and cheap land.
  • Huge and cheap labour market.
65
Q

What are the environmental advantages of moving to the Pearl River Delta?

A
  • Complete network for water, land and air transport.

- Pacific Rim location makes it easy to export to many countries including the US.

66
Q

What are the environmental advantages of moving to the Pearl River Delta?

A
  • Complete network for water, land and air transport.

- Pacific Rim location makes it easy to export to many countries including the US.

67
Q

What is the problem (experienced in LEDC’s) with consuming water collected from streams?

A

Water bourne diseases can spread.

68
Q

How many villages have been reached by the Chittagong Hills water aid project?

A

59 Villages.

69
Q

What is the Chittagong Hills Water Aid project powered by?

A

Water is drawn from its source in the hills and powered by gravity?

70
Q

How is the Water aid project in the Chittagong Hills an example of a ‘bottom up’ scheme?

A

It is a small scale system that has been developed in consultation with local people who pay 16p per month to maintain it and are trained to repair it.

71
Q

How has the Water Aid project in the Chittagong Hills helped young children gain an education?

A

They have to spend less time collecting water and therefore are able to spend time being educated.

72
Q

How has the water aid project in the Chittagong Hills helped families?

A

Children or women have to spend less time collecting water and therefore are able to spend time being educated. Farmers have more time to spend on the land and can therefore increase their income - thus funding a better quality of life or education.

73
Q

How many Asian factories produce Nike products in Asia?

A

150

74
Q

How many pairs of shoes are produced in Vietnam each year?

A

75 Million.

75
Q

How much are workers paid each day in Nike’s factories?

A

$1.25 - just above the extreme poverty line.

76
Q

How does Nike’s presence help Vietnam develop?

A

The government can collect taxation revenues that can then be reinvested.

77
Q

How has Nike responded to allegations of exploitation?

A
  • Created a new code of conduct for factories.
  • Making workers more aware of their rights.
  • Checking working conditions in factories.
  • Eliminated the use of toxic solvents in its products that were causing pollution and damaging public health.

Geography (5 decks)

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