PLATYHELMINTHS Flashcards
important facts of platyhelminths
- flat worms
- hermaphrodites
divisions of platyhelminths
- trematodes
- cestodes
divisions of cestodes
- Oder Pseudophyllidean
- Order Cyclophyllidean
division of trematodes
- schistosomes (blood flukes)
- tissue flukes
general characteristic of cestodes
- ribbon-like and segmented
- covered by tegument
outer surface of the cestode’s body and absorbs nutrients
Tegument
part of tegument; hairlike filaments
Microtritches
organ for attachment
scolex
region of growth
neck
chain of progressively developing hermaphroditic segments (proglottids) which develops from the distal part of the neck
strobila
number of cestodes’ segments
3-4000
cestodes undergo the process of_____
protandry
form of hermaphrodism; can shift between male and female sexes
protandry
proglottids overlap
craspedote
proglottids don’t overlap
acraspedote
segments are detached from the main body of the worm and eggs are eventually released
apolytic
segments remain attached; proglottid shed when exhausted of eggs
anapolytic
t/f: no alimentary tract and vascular system
t
have separate male and female reproductive organs on the same individual (focus more on characteristic)
Monoecious
self-fertilizing; have both male and female reproductive organs on the same individual (focus more on action)
Hermaphrodite
Locations of genital pore
- same side of proglottid
- bilateral
- ventral surface (center) with uterine pore
- irregularly alternate
T/F : vas deferens and vagina have common genital pore
T
Reticulate ova with capsules with lateral branches
Gravid segment
Excretory system of cestodes
flame cell or protonephridium
One or more intermidiate host
heteroxenous
one intermediate host
homoxenous
no scolex; with oncospiral hooks
procercoid
with developing scolex and strobila (entire tapeworm body)
plerocercoid
slightly developed bladder
cyticercoid
true bladder
cysticercus
cyst is well-developed and multiple invaginated scolices
Coenurus
- cyst is well-developed
- brood capsules and daughter cells
Echinoccocus or Hydatid cyst
Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus or Hydatid cyst
other name for Echonococus
Hydatid cyst
Scolex: Almond/spatulate with 2 suctorial grooves
Pseudophyllidean
Scolex: Globular, club-shaped with 4 muscular suckers with or without spines or hooks
Cyclophillidean
Gential pore: center of proglottid
Pseudophyllidean
Genital pore: margin of proglottid
Cyclophyllidean
Uterine pore: center of segment
psedophyllidean
no uterine pore
cyclophyllidean
coiled uterus
pseudophyllidean
sac-like branched uterus and may contain eggs in capsule
cyclophyllidean
ova is operculated and immature
pseudophyllidean
ova is non-operculaetd and mature when laid
cyclophyllidean
onco larva is coracidium and ciliated
pseudophyllidean
onco larva is a hexacanth (oncosphere) embryo and nonciliated
cyclophyllidean
onco larva has 3 pairs fo hooks and motile
cyclophyllidean
2 main classes fo cestode larvae
- solid
- vesicular, bladder or cystic
meta cestode larva is solid
pseusophyllidean
meta cestode larva is cystic or bladder
cyclophyllidean
example of pseudophyllidean
Diphyllobothrium latum
example of cyclophyllidean
- Hymenolepis species
- Dipulidium caninum
- Echinococcus species
- Taenia species
largest human tapeworm
DIphyllobothrium latum
length of Diphyllobothrium latum
10 meters
from raw or undercooked freshwater fish
Diphyllobothrium latum
Diphyllobothrium latum is asymptomatic in what infection
light infection
chemical that interferes with intrinsic factor and vitamin B12 absorption
Diphyllobothrium anemia
common name for Diphyllobothrium latum
Fish tapeworm or Broad tapeworm
related species to Diphyllobothrium latum
- D. pacificum
- D. cordatum
- D. ursi
- D. dendriticum
- D. lanceolatum
- D. dallidae
- D. yonagoensis
color of adult Diphyllobothrium latum
ivory white
longest tapeworm of man
Diphyllobothrium latum
how many proglotoods does D. latum have?
4000
what are D. latum suctorial grooves called
bothria
describe the proglottid of D. latum
Broader (2-4 mm long and 10-12 mm wide)
parasite with coiled uterus (rosette)
D. latum
ovum is single-shelled and operculated and immature if found in feces
D.latum
color of D. latum ovum
yellowish to yellow-brown
measurement of D. latum ovum
30-50 um
liberated from the eggshell, ciliated and swims freely in the water
Coracidium fo D. latum
measures 550 microns in length with 3 pairs of hooklets
Procercoid
Infective stage to man (D. latum)
Plerocercoid or sparganum
- 6mm in length
- glistening and opaque white
Plerocercoid/Sparganum
Has an invaginated anterior end
Plerocercoid/Sparganum
Reservoir host of D. latum
dogs and cats
Final host of D. latum
man
1st infective host of D. latum
copepods
2nd infective host of D. latum
fresh water fishes
disease caused by D. latum
Diphyllobothriasis or Broad tapeworm infection
pernicious type of anemia caused by D. latum
Bothriocephalus anemia
clinical finding of Bothriocephalus anemia
Macrocytic Normochromic anemia
presence of plerocercoid in man; ingestion of cyclops
Sparganosis
intense inflammation and eosinophilia caused by D. latum
Sparganosis
edematous swelling of the eyelids causing intense pain and irritation
Ocular Sparganosis
what is examined for the detection of D. latum
proglottids
primary treatment for D. latum infection
Praziquantel
injected to the lesion to kill plerocercoid
40% ethyl alcohol with procaine
prevention for D. latum
- freezing (-18’C) for 24 hours, thorough cooking or pickling of fish kills the larvae
- fish reservoirs should be kept free of raw sewage
- boiling and filtering of drinking water
- De-worming of reservoir host
common name of Taenia solium
Pork tapeworm
humans are both definitive and intermediate host
T. solium
major disease caused by T. solium
Cysticercosis
how many testes does T. solium have
150-200
Infective stage of T. solium
Cysticercus cellulosae
where does the T. solium harbor in man
jejunum
Its head is as small as a matchstick head
Taenia solium
Slightly smaller than T. saginata (2-7 meters)
Taenia solium
Globular scolex with 4 suckers
Taenia solium
how many uterine branches does T. solium have
7-12 uterine branches
how many proglottids does T. solium have
800-1000
t/f: eggs of T. solium and T. saginata are indistinguishable
T
sperical brown, measures 31-35 microns
ova of T.solium
how many eggs does T. solium have per segment?
30000-50000 eggs
common name of Taenia saginata
beef tapeworm
definitive host of Taenia saginata
man
pear-shaped head (scolex) with four suckers but no hooks
T. saginata
uterine branches of Taenia saginata
15-30 branches
proglottids of T. saginata
1000-2000
ova is round and yellow-brown with peripheral radial striations
T. saginata
contains and embryo with 3 hooklets
T. saginata
disease of T.saginata
Taeniasis saginata
disturbance in the normal functions of the digestive tract with systemic intoxication
Taeniasis saginata
Laboratory diagnosis for T. saginata
- Stool examination (concentration technique)
- Perianal scotch tape method
treatment for T. saginata
- Praziquantel
- Niclosamide (not locally available)
what dye is used to examine proglottids in the feces
India ink or safranin
what guage is used to inject india ink or safranin
26 guage
scolex is armed with rostellum with 4 muscular suckers
T. solium
scolex is unarmed with 4 muscular suckers
T. saginata
4 cup-shaped suckers with rostellum armed and hooklets arranged in 2 rows
T. solium
pyriform in shape
T. saginata
mature proglottids is roughly square with unilateral or irregularly alternate genital pore with accessory ovarian lobe
Taenia solium
mature proglottids are irregularly alternate lateral genital pore without accessory ovarian lobe
Taenia saginata
how many testes does T. saginata have
300-400
infective stage of Taenia saginata
Cysticercus bovis
ellipsoidal, translucent, thin-walled bladder with an opaque invaginated neck and scolex equipped with suckers and hooks
Cysticercus cellulosae
pinkish cyst, opaque, with invaginated neck and scolex with 4 suckers
Cysticercus bovis
ova is mature when laid
T. solium
aborigines of Taiwan
Taiwan taenia
Inteemediate host of Taiwan taenia
varied (pigs, cattle, goats, wild bores, and monkeys
Taenia spp that resebles Taenia solium
Taiwan taenia
gravid segments have 11-32 uterine branches
taiwan taenia
common name of Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf tapeworm
intermediate host of Hymenolepis nana
- fleas
- rice and flour beetles (Tenebrio spp)
Definitive host of Hymenolepis nana
mans, rats, mice
infective stage of H. nana
- embryonated ova
- Cysticercoid larva
direct life cycle: no intermediate host or vector
Embryonated ova
infective stage of H. nana that has an indirect life cycle
Cysticercoid larva
small hookworms has a length of 15-50 mm
Hymenolepis nana
scolex has retractable anterior rostellum with 20-30 Y-shaped hooklets
Hymenolepis nana
what is the diameter of H. nana ova
45um
presence of 4-8 polar filaments
Hymenolepis nana ova
disease caused by Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf tapeworm infection
common name of Hymenolepis diminuta
rat tapeworm
t/f: humans are accidental hosts of H. diminuta
t
Intermidiate host of H. diminuta
insects (beetles, cockroach, rats)
definitive host of H. diminuta
rat and man
infective stage of H. diminuta
cysticercoid larva
adult length is 40-60 cm
Hymenolepis diminuta
scolex is club-shaped with unarmed rostellum (no hooks) with four suckers
Hymenolepis diminuta
proglottids have 3 ovoid testes and 1 ovary, genital pores are unilateral, and uterus: sac-like with eggs
Hymenolepis diminuta
hexacanth larva (larvae) with fan-like hooklets
Hymenolepis diminuta
infection caused by H. diminuta
Hymenolepiasis diminuta
number of segments in H. nana
200
number of segments of H. diminuta
800-1000
uterus is sacculate, contains 80-180 eggs
Hymenolepis nana
sacculate filled with egg masses
Hymenolepis diminuta
Habitat: small intestines of rats and mice
H. diminuta
Habitat: upper 2/3 of ileum
Hymenolepis nana
Infective stage of H. nana
Embryonated ova nad Cysticercoid larva
Infective stage of H. diminuta
Cysticercoid larva
Enclosed in an inner membrane and lacks bipolar filaments
H. diminuta
Mature proglottid of H. nana and H. diminuta
Trapezoidal
