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INTERNAL MEDICINE > Platinum: CARDIOLOGY > Flashcards

Platinum: CARDIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Most efficient extractor of oxygen from the blood

A

Heart

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2
Q

Intracellular junctions responsible for the cardiac syncytium

A

Gap junctions

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3
Q

Substance that dilates upstream blood vessels

A

Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF) aka Nitric Oxide (NO)

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4
Q

Most potent vasoconstrictor

A

ADH (can increase levels of Endothelin-1)

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5
Q

An increase in venous return will increase the HR

A

Bainbridge Reflex

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6
Q

An increase in venous return will increase the stroke volume, Basis: stretching of cardiac sarcomeres will increase contraction

A

Frank-Starling Mechanism

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7
Q

Hypertension, irregular respiration and bradycardia

Due to activation of:
1. CNS ischemic response
2. Baroreceptor reflex in increased ICP

A

Cushing Reflex

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8
Q

Formula for BP based on Ohm’s Law

A

BP = CO x Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) = (HR x Stroke Volume) x TPR TPR is synonymous with Systemic Vascular Resistance and increases when arterioles vasoconstricted

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9
Q

Normal pressure at various parts of the adult circulation

A

Large Arteries: <120/80 mmHg

Systemic Capillaries: 17 mmHg

Vena Cava: 0 mmHg

Pulmonary Artery: 25/8 mmHg

Pulmonary Capillaries: 7 mmHg

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10
Q

Abdominojugular Reflux

A

At least 10 second pressure over the upper abdomen (RUQ)

Positive responses rise of >3 cm in JVP for at least 10-15 sec after release of the hand

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11
Q

Carvallo’s Sign

A

Pansystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation

Louder during inspiration and diminishes during forced expiration’s

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12
Q

Graham Steell Murmur

A

High-pitched, diastolic, decrescendo blowing murmur along the left sternal border

Due to dilation of the pulmonary valve ring

Occurs in mitral valve disease and severe pulmonary hypertension

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13
Q

Murmur of aortic stenosis may be transmitted downward and to the apex

May be confused with the systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation

A

Gallavardin Effect

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14
Q

Apical pulse is reduced and may retract in systole in constrictive pericarditis

A

Broadbent’s Sign

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15
Q

Peripheral Signs in Aortic Regurgitation

A

Corrigan’s Pulse
Quincke’s Pulse
Traube’s Sign
Duroziez Sign

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16
Q

A rapidly rising “water-hammer” pulse that collapses suddenly as arterial pressure falls rapidly during late systole and diastole

Seen in aortic regurgitation

A

Corrigan’s Pulse

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17
Q

Capillary pulsations manifest as alternate flushing and paling of the skin while pressure is applied to the tip of the nail

Seen in aortic regurgitation

A

Quincke’s Pulse

18
Q

A blooming “pistol-shot” sound heard over the femoral arteries

Seen in aortic regurgitation

A

Traube’s Sign

19
Q

To-and-fro murmur audible if the femoral artery stethoscope, seen in aortic regurgitation

A

Duroziez Sign

20
Q

Major noninvasive marker of increased CV morbidity / mortality risk

A

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH)

21
Q

Cornerstone in the diagnosis of acute and chronic ischemic heart disease

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

22
Q

Ideal imaging modality for cardiac emergencies

A

2D echocardiography

23
Q

Gold standard for imaging valve morphology and motion, detection of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, and assessment of LV cavity size, systolic function, and wall thickness

A

2D echocardiography

24
Q

Gold standard for assessing LV mass & volumes

A

MRI

25
Q

Imaging modalities of choice for the evaluation of suspected aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection, and in distinguishing between restrictive cardiomyopathy & constrictive pericarditis

A

CT scan and MRI

26
Q

Gold standard in assessing the anatomy & physiology of the heart & associated vasculature

A

Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography

27
Q

Triad of Ruptured Aneurysm

A

Left flank pain
Hypotension
Pulsatile mass

28
Q

Diagnostic Triad of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) ECG Pattern

A

*Relatively short PR interval *Wide QRS complex
*Slurring of the initial part of the QRS complex (delta wave)

29
Q

Triad of chronic renal failure in ECG

A

*Peaked T waves (hyperkalemia)
*Long QT due to ST segment lengthening (hypocalcemia)
*LVH (systemic hypertension)

30
Q

Three principal features of tamponade (Beck’s Triad)

A

*Hypotension
*Soft / absent heart sounds *Jugular venous distention with a prominent x-descent but an absent y-descent

31
Q

Plaques that have caused fatal thromboses tend to have

A

*Thin fibrous caps
*Relatively large lipid cores
*High content of macrophages

32
Q

Major determinants of myocardial O2 demand (MVO2)

A

*Heart rate
*Myocardial contractility
*Myocardial wall tension (stress)

33
Q

Triad of Buerger’s disease

A

MR.C loves Burgers

*Migratory superficial vein thrombophlebitis
*Raynaud’s phenomenon
*Claudication of the affected extremity

34
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A

Stasis
Vascular/endothelial damage
Hypercoagulability

35
Q

Dressler’s Triad (post-MI pericarditis)

A

*Fever
*Pleuritic pain
*Pericardial effusion

36
Q

HF: Increases Contractility

A

Digoxin1
Dobutamine2
Milrinone2

37
Q

HF: Reduces Preload

A

Diuretics (e.g. furosemide)1
Vasodilators (e.g., nitrates, hydralazine)
ACE inhibitors/ARBs3

38
Q

HF: Reduces Afterload

A

Diuretics (e.g., furosemide)1
Vasodilators (e.g., nitrates, hydralazine)
ACE inhibitors/ARBs3
Beta blockers (e.g., metoprolol succinate, bisoprolol, carvedilol)3

39
Q

Binds to activated sodium channels and blocks the flow of sodium ions into the cardiac myocyte (Prolongs action potential)

Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Ventricular tachycardia

A

HF: IA

Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide

40
Q

Binds to both activated and inactivated sodium channels and blocks the flow of sodium ions in the cardiac myocyte (Shortens action potential)

Post-ischemic arrhythmia, Ventricular fibrillation,
Ventricular tachycardia

A

HF: IB

Lidocaine, Tocainide, Mexiletine

INTERNAL MEDICINE (1 decks)

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