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Natural Science 1 > Plate Tectonics > Flashcards

Plate Tectonics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Serves as the Unifying concept of modern biology

A

Theory if biological evolution by natural selection

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1
Q

Was derived from the earlier Theory of Continental Drift

A

Theory of plate tectonics

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2
Q

Suggested that a great continent had once broken apart resulting in the birth of the Atlantic Ocean

A

Antonio Snider-Pellegrini

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3
Q

Suggested that breakup was probably the result of the cataclysmic separation of a huge segment of the earth’s crust

A

Osmond fisher

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4
Q

The continents once joined together as a single land mass and was called what?

A

Gondwanaland

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5
Q

A condition of gravitational balance between segments of the crust of different thickness

A

Isostasy

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6
Q

Narrow strips of land

A

Landbridges

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7
Q

They proposed that continents have drifted to account for the jigsaw fit of continental margins on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean

A

Frank B. Taylor and Alfred Wegener

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8
Q

Wegener’s efforts led to the development of the what?

A

Theory of Continental Drift

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9
Q

Taylor’s idea was based from what?

A

The compressed crustal materials of the Alpine and Himalayan mountain ranges

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10
Q

Is a kind of metamorphic rock derived from the sediementary rock shale

A

Gneiss

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11
Q

When did the super continent drift apart?

A

100 million years ago

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12
Q

It means “ancient super continent”

A

Pangaea

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13
Q

It means “ancient ocean”

A

Panthalassa

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14
Q

Wegener presented his thesis in a book called what?

A

The origin of continents and oceans

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15
Q

Operates because the earth’s rotation deflects the pull of gravity slightly away from the center of the earth

A

Pole fleeing-force

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16
Q

The magnetization of ancient rocks at the time of their formation

A

Paleomagnetism

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17
Q

When was the magnetic pole located somewhere in the mid-pacific ocean?

A

500 million years ago

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18
Q

When did the magnetic pole move to a position north of where the Japanese archipelago is at present

A

250 million years ago

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19
Q

The meandering of the north magnetic pole

A

Polar wandering

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20
Q

Two probable causes of polar wandering

A

The geographic pole has shifted or the continents have shifted to the pole

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21
Q

Publishes a paper entitled “history of ocean basin”

A

Harry H. Hess

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22
Q

How did Harry H. Hess get extensive data about the configuration of the ocean floor?

A

Echo-sounding equipment

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23
Q

The average thickness of sediment in the ocean floor

A

Ca 1.3 km

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24
Q

The estimated sedimentation rate is what?

A

1 centimeter per 1000 years

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25
Q

How old is the ocean (same as the earth)

A

4 billion years

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26
Q

How thick is the sediment of the ocean

A

40 km

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27
Q

How old is the ocean floor

A

260 million years ago

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28
Q

Rate of volcanoes appearing on ocean floors

A

1 every 10,000 years

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29
Q

How many volcanic cones are there

A

400,000

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30
Q

Was perhaps the result of the break up of Pangaea

A

Atlantic Ocean

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31
Q

Oceanic ridges have the following common characteristics

A
  1. A high rate of heat flow from the mantle to the segment of the ocean floor alongside the ridge
  2. Seismic waves move through the ridge at unusually low velocity
  3. All the ridges are cut along the crest by a deep and broad valley of furrow
  4. Volcanoes frequently appear along the ridge
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32
Q

According to Hess, mid-oceanic ridges are what?

A

Volcanic mountains

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33
Q

They form from hot and molten materials rising from the mantle

A

New oceanic crusts (or sea floors)

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34
Q

Flat-topped volcanic cones

A

Seamounts

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35
Q

Seamounts whose summits lie way below the sea level

A

Guyot (in honor of geographer Arnold Guyot)

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36
Q

The exposed summits of guyots were eroded by what?

A

Erosion

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37
Q

Plume of a convection current

A

Spreading center

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38
Q

One startling fact about the earth is the discovery of what?

A

The north and south magnetic poles have periodically switched positions or Flip-flopped

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39
Q

Refers to the phenomenon of the north and south magnetic poles switching positions

A

Episodes of Magnetic reversals

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40
Q

Intervals during which the polarity was the same as today are referred to as what?

A

Normal intervals

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41
Q

They provide an accurate history of magnetic reversals

A

Layers of continental volcanic rocks of different ages

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42
Q

Was assigned to interpret the magnetic data collected in 1962 over the Carlsberg Ridge

A

Fred Vine

43
Q

They are like magnetic tapes that faithfully recorded the periodic reversal of the earth’s magnetic field

A

Rocks in the ridge and adjacent seafloor

44
Q

The hypothesis in support of Hess’s seafloor spreading was published by who and when?

A

Fred Vibe and Drummond Matthews ; in “Nature” in 1963

45
Q

What was developed during the 1960’s?

A

A timescale for the magnetic reversals within the last 65 million years

46
Q

How long has the growth of oceanic crust from the ridge been constant?

A

5 million years

47
Q

How old is the Mesozoic Era

A

213 Million years old

48
Q

Extensive dating of the sea floor revealed what?

A

The ocean floor is youngest closer to the mid-oceanic ridge and becomes progressively older towards the continents, and that no part of the seafloor is older than the Mesozoic Era

49
Q

According to Hess’s Hypothesis, It slides across the surface of the mantle

A

The Crust

50
Q

The hardest and brittle outermost layer of that earth

A

Lithosphere

51
Q

It is beneath the Lithosphere

A

The semi-plastic Asthenosphere

52
Q

It keeps the mantle material in a molten state hence the presence of thermal convection currents of magma

A

High Temperature

53
Q

It fills in the fractures within the Rift Valley of the ridge and also flows laterally and solidifies to form the floor of the Rift Valley

A

The rising magma

54
Q

Most of the trenches are around the Pacific Basin, give some examples

A
  1. Aleutians
  2. The Philippine Trench
  3. Kuriles
  4. Marianas
  5. Tonga-Kermadec
55
Q

Are associated with earth’s volcanic and earthquake belts

A

Oceanic trenches

56
Q

Areas of intense geologic upheavals just like the mid-oceanic ridge

A

The trenches

57
Q

Their studies proved that Wegener was correct - the continents are drifting

A

The studies of Hess, Vibe, and Matthews

58
Q

They are simply carried along by the moving lithosphere plates as new plate materials are created by lava flow in the oceanic ridge

A

Continental blocks and oceanic crust

59
Q

He developed the same model for magnetic anomalies that Vine And Matthews published

A

L.W. Morley

60
Q

How many Lithosphere plates are there?

A
  1. 7 major and 5 minor
61
Q

What are the Major Plates?

A
  1. African
  2. Eurasian
  3. South American
  4. Indian (or Australian)
  5. North American plate
  6. Antarctic
  7. Pacific plate
62
Q

What are the Minor Plates?

A
  1. Philippine
  2. Arabian
  3. Nazca
  4. Cocos
  5. Caribbean
63
Q

Each of the plates carry what?

A

A continental and oceanic crust

64
Q

Three possible kinds of margins

A
  1. Diverging
  2. Converging
  3. Sliding
65
Q

It is along the mid-oceanic ridge

A

Diverging Margin

66
Q

It is along the oceanic trench

A

Converging margin

67
Q

It is along two plates that are moving past each other

A

Sliding Margin

68
Q

Is a unifying concept of modern geology because it can adequately explain all the major geological process affecting Earth’s surface

A

Theory of Plate Tectonics

69
Q

The theory of plate tectonics provides the explanation to what?

A
  1. Earthquakes
  2. Volcanic activity
  3. Mountain building
  4. Fusion
  5. Splitting of continents
  6. Opening and closing of oceans
  7. Origin of island arcs and inland seas
70
Q

It is the driving force of Plate Tectonics

A

Convection current of magma underneath the mid-oceanic ridge

71
Q

Geological Processes of Diverging margins

A
  1. Earthquake Belt
  2. Volcanic Activity
  3. Sea floor spreading
  4. Rifting of continents
72
Q

Geological processes of Converging Margins

A
  1. Earthquake belt
  2. Volcanic Belt
  3. Zone of mountain building
  4. Growth of continents
73
Q

Sliding margin geological processes

A
  1. Earthquake belt
74
Q

The major earthquake belts of the world

A
  1. Circum-pacific belt

2. Himalayan-Alpine Belt

75
Q

Where are the major earthquake belts located?

A

Around the Pacific Ocean basin and along the boundary of the continents of India and Eurasia

76
Q

“Earthquake generators”

A

Converging plate margins

77
Q

Rock formations near sliding plate margins are subjected to what?

A

Shearing stress resulting in the build-up of shearing strain.

78
Q

What happens when the strain exceeds the elastic limit of the rock formation?

A

Strike-slip faulting occurs generating seismic waves

79
Q

Examples of Strike-slip faults

A
  1. Marikina Faultline

2. San Andreas Faultline

80
Q

When is a Faultline considered active?

A

If it has moved in the last 11,000 years

81
Q

How many times has the Marikina Fault moved?

A

4 times in the last 1,300 years

82
Q

Movements of the Marikina Fault

A

1st - between 600 and 1200 AD
2nd - between 800 and 1400 AD
3rd - between 1000 and 1600 AD
4th - between 1599 and 1863

83
Q

Rock formations along diverging plates are subjected to what?

A

Tensional stress

84
Q

As the strain exceeds the elastic limit of the rock material, what is generated?

A

Normal faulting and seismic waves

85
Q

It is the result of normal faulting which was brought about by tensional stress subjecting that segment of the lithosphere plate carrying the ocean floor.

A

The Rift Valley along the mid-oceanic ridge

86
Q

Earthquakes resulting from the movement of lithosphere plates are called what?

A

Tectonic earthquakes

87
Q

Earthquakes resulting from magma movement

A

Volcanic Earthquakes

88
Q

The crust along most faults has not moved for how many years?

A

Hundred of years

89
Q

A fault that has not moved in the last 10,000 years

A

Inactive

90
Q

Sections of the Earth’s crust along an active fault have moved as much as how far?

A

5 meters

91
Q

Based on their depth, earthquakes are categorized as what?

A
  1. Shallow focus
  2. Intermediate focus
  3. Deep focus
92
Q

Originate at any depth between the surface and 70 kilometers below

A

Shallow focus earthquakes

93
Q

Earthquakes of this category are detected as all three types of plate margins and most earthquakes are of this category

A

Shallow focus earthquakes

94
Q

Originate from between 70 to 300 kilometers beneath the surface

A

Intermediate focus earthquakes

95
Q

Originate from 300 - 700 kilometers in depth

A

Deep focus earthquakes

96
Q

The kinetic energy release during an earthquake is transmitted from the focus to the other parts of the Earth by what?

A

Seismic waves or Vibrations

97
Q

Two kinds of seismic waves

A
  1. Body waves

2. Surface waves

98
Q

They pass through the interior of the Earth causing the entire Earth to oscillate freely like a bell or a piece of jelly

A

Body waves

99
Q

Body waves are differentiated into

A
  1. Primary

2. Secondary

100
Q

Are compressional waves hence their passage cause the rock material to vibrate in alternation pulses of compression and expansion

A

P-waves

101
Q

The rate of travel for P-waves

A

4-7 km per second

102
Q

The first to arrive after an earthquake

A

P-Wave

103
Q

Are transverse or shear waves that cause the rock material to vibrate perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

A

S-waves

104
Q

Rate of travel for S-waves

A

2-5 km per second

105
Q

Surface vibrations due to the Earth’s shaking and oscillation during a strong earthquake

A

Surface waves or L-waves

106
Q

They cause infrastructures to shake back and forth in response to alternating compression and expansion of the ground surface as the waves pass through

A

P-waves

Natural Science 1 (1 decks)

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