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SCIENCE MOD 1 > PLATE TECTONICS > Flashcards

PLATE TECTONICS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the theory explaining how the movement of geological plates causes mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes?

A

Plate tectonics

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2
Q

Who is the PROPONENT of CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY?

A

Alfred Wegener

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3
Q

What year did he propose continental drift theory

A

1912

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4
Q

Who proposed seafloor spreading theory?

A

Harry Hess

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries

A

Divergent, Convergent, Transform

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6
Q

move AWAY

A

Divergent

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7
Q

slide PAST each other

A

Transform

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8
Q

move TOWARD each other

A

Convergent

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9
Q

what is the only liquid layer of the earth

A

outer core

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10
Q

which is the thickest layer of the earth

A

mantle

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11
Q

which scientist credited for establishing the foundation for the theory of plate tectonics?

A

Alfred Wegener

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12
Q

The Mohorovicic discontinuity was discovered by studying the behavior of ___

A

seismic waves

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13
Q

Which is not a driving force that influences the movement of plate tectonics?

A

drag force

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14
Q

Which resisting force of plate movement opposes the slab pull?

A

collisional resistance

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15
Q

Upon validation of the continental drift theory, it was proven that __

A

rocks and fossils on the coastline across oceans have the same age and sequence

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16
Q

The interface between the mantle and the outer core is called the __

A

Gutenberg discontinuity

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17
Q

layer of the earth that is responsible for the planet’s magnetic field

A

outer core

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18
Q

In proposing the continental drift theory, wegener noted the matching coastlines of which two continents?

A

south America and Africa

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19
Q

which theory posits that the geographical features of the earth’s surface is the result of the contraction and wrinkling of the planet as it cooled down?

A

contraction theory

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20
Q

theory of plate tectonics was initiated by

A

Alfred Wegener

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21
Q

the supercontinent from where present continents came from is called

A

Pangaea

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22
Q

which is not a primary plate

A

Philippine plate

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23
Q

acc. to the theory of plate tectonics, which layer of the Earth is made up of plates?

A

lithosphere

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24
Q

according to the theory of harry hess, continents move because of

A

seafloor movement

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25
Q

the process that produces new seafloors between two plates moving away is called

A

ocean floor spreading

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26
Q

What is the rigid layer of the earth that can break under stress?

A

lithosphere

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27
Q

this is composed of minor and major plates

A

lithosphere

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28
Q

below the lithosphere; 180km thick and contains hot molten rocks or magma

A

asthenosphere

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29
Q

the asthenosphere can deform and reshape driven by heat energy which circulates as ___

A

convection currents

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30
Q

outermost layer of the earth where life exists

A

crust

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31
Q

the crust that makes up the continents

A

continental crust

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32
Q

it is made up of mostly aluminum silicates and is about 40km to 70km thick

A

continental crust

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33
Q

the crust that underlies the ocean floor

A

oceanic crust

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34
Q

it is composed of dense basaltic rocks made up of magnesium silicates and has an average thickness of 5km

A

oceanic crust

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35
Q

An english astronomer and mathematician theorized that the earth is hollow and that there are inner concentric layers below the crust that float in gas.

A

edmund halley

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36
Q

Pangaea came from the greek words ___

A

pan and gaea

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37
Q

means “all”

A

pan

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38
Q

means “earth”

A

gaea

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39
Q

translates to all earth or all lands

A

pangaea

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40
Q

a vast sea or superocean

A

panthalassa

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41
Q

means all seas

A

panthalassa

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42
Q

he predicted that the continents will reform into a supercontinent

A

Christopher Scotese

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43
Q

boundary interface between the crust and the mantle

A

mohorovic discontinuity

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44
Q

It suggested that the planet was once a molten ball and in the process of cooling the surface cracked and folded up on itself.

A

contraction theory

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45
Q

It states that there was once existed a single large landmass or supercontinent called PANGAEA which drifted and formed our continents today.

A

theory of continental drift

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46
Q

It is the process through which the seafloor splits and moves apart along a mid-ocean ridge, and new oceanic crust forms along the ridge.

A

Seafloor spreading theory

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47
Q

It states that the Earth’s outer shell is divided into several PLATES that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core.

A

theory of plate tectonics

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48
Q

Who made an analogy between the wrinkles on the surface of a dried shrunken fruit and the mountains on the surface of a cooling earth?

A

Eduard Suess (australian geologist)

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49
Q

Pangaea would later break into two smaller supercontinents called __

A

Gondwana and Laurasia

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50
Q

Gondwana is composed of __. First hypothesized by __ in the __

A

Africa, Antarctica, South America, Australia, and the subcontinents of India; Eduard Suess; mid-1800

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51
Q

Laurasia was the precursor to __. It was coined by South African geologist __ in __

A

Asia, North America, Europe; Alexander du Toit; 1937

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52
Q

A theory which states that the seafloors/ocean floor–not the continents– move and carry the continents along. It was proposed by __ in the year __

A

Seafloor spreading theory; American geologist Harry Hess; 1960

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53
Q

This theory incorporates continental drift theory and seafloor spreading theory.

A

Theory of plate tectonics

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54
Q

Earth’s lithosphere is composed of many independent massive slabs of solid rocks called __, which floats on an inner liable manner

A

plates

55
Q

At present, there are __ major tectonic plates that consists of __ primary plates and __ secondary smaller plates

A

15; 7; 8

56
Q

primary plates includes:

A

Eurasian plate; Australian plate; Pacific plate; North American plate; South American plate; African plate; Antarctic plate

57
Q

secondary plates include:

A

Juan de Fuca Plate; Nazca plate; Cocos plate; Caribbean plate; Philippine Sea plate; Arabian plate; Indian plate; Scotia plate

58
Q

who predicted that the continents will reform into a supercontinent. he called this __ meaning __ but changed it to __ meaning __

A

Christopher Scotese (professor and geologist from University of Texas at Arlington); supercontinent Pangaea Ultima; the Last Pangaea; Pangaea Proxima; the Next Pangaea

59
Q

Earth is made up of four layers:

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

60
Q

boundaries mark the interfaces between the mantle and the outer core

A

Gutenberg discontinuity

61
Q

boundaries mark the interfaces between the outer core and inner core

A

Lehmann discontinuity

62
Q

it is located below the lithosphere

A

asthenosphere

63
Q

the lithosphere is made up of

A

crust and upper part of the mantle

64
Q

this are seismic waves that travel through the interior of the earth

A

body waves

65
Q

this moves faster than secondary waves and can pass through solid and liquid layers

A

primary waves

66
Q

this can only penetrate solid layers

A

secondary waves

67
Q

according to the theory __, the lithosphere is made up of plates that are continually moving. the plates may be __ or __

A

plate tectonics; continental or oceanic

68
Q

plates that are under landmasses

A

continental plates

69
Q

plates that are below the ocean

A

oceanic plate

70
Q

___ are thicker but lighter than ___

A

continental plate; oceanic plate

71
Q

what forces influence the movement of tectonic plates

A

driving forces and resisting forces

72
Q

this force push plates toward one another or pull them apart

A

dirivng forces

73
Q

this force act against the driving forces

A

resisting forces

74
Q

regions between plates are called

A

plate boundaries

75
Q

as the plates move, fractures called __ develop on earths crust

A

fault

76
Q

divergent boundaries between oceanic plates produce

A

mid-oceanic ridges

77
Q

The great east african rift valley is an example of

A

divergent boundary

78
Q

if one plate moves underneath the other, what forms

A

subduction zone

79
Q

if two plates simply collide and compress, what forms

A

organic belt

80
Q

this is the region of deformed rocks

A

organic belt

81
Q

a collision between two plates composed of oceanic lithosphere. Even though this boundary involves the same type of lithosphere, one of the plates will still subduct beneath the other.

A

oceanic-oceanic convergence

82
Q

This is a long chain of active volcanoes

A

island arc

83
Q

how is the island arc formed?

A

This plate subducts beneath the younger plate. As the subducting plate is pushed deeper into the mantle, it melts. The magma this creates rises and erupts. This forms a line of volcanoes, known as island arc

84
Q

this occurs when a tectonic plate composed of oceanic lithosphere collides with a plate with continental lithosphere.

A

oceanic-continental convergence

85
Q

What forms in oceanic-continental convergence

A

oc convergence pushes the continental plate upward, forming volcanoes; deep ocean trenches

86
Q

no subduction happens. instead, the continents suture themselves

A

continental-continental convergence

87
Q

what forms in c-c convergence

A

mountains

88
Q

area where plate is being pulled

A

subduction zone

89
Q

steep sided depression in the ocean floor

A

trench

90
Q

arc shaped chain of volcano formed above a subduction zone

A

volcano arc

91
Q

no mountains or volcanoes are produced

A

transform boundary

92
Q

earthquakes are formed

A

transform boundary

93
Q

refers to the shaking of earth as a result of the breaking/shifting of the rocks of tectonic plates, which release seismic waves

A

earthquake

94
Q

why does earthquake occur?

A

because of the pressure underneath earth’s crust that pushes blocks of rock to move along fault lines

95
Q

these are cracks on earth’s crust

A

faults

96
Q

surface where the block slip past each other

A

fault plane

97
Q

types of fault

A

normal fault; reverse fault; strike-slip fault

98
Q

refers to the movement of faults along the angle of the fault plane

A

dip-slip

99
Q

dip-slip is classified as

A

normal fault or reverse fault

100
Q

the angle of movement

A

dip

101
Q

the movement

A

slip

102
Q

__ is a dip-slip fault where a block that sits on a fault plane called __ SLIPS DOWNWARD w/ respect to the foot wall along the dip angle

A

normal fault; hanging wall

103
Q

__ is a dip-slip fault where the block of Earth’s crust PUSHES UPWARD and ALONG the dip angle

A

reverse fault

104
Q

a type of reverse fault where the angle of the dip is 45 degrees or less

A

thrust fault

105
Q

in here, nearly VERTICAL fault planes slide in parallel bt opposite directions

A

strike-slip fault

106
Q

this is a combination of a strike-slip fault and a dip-slip. blocks of earth’s crust SLIDE HORIZONTALLY and OBLOQUELY UP OR DOWN from each other

A

oblique fault

107
Q

these are large landforms that rise well above the ground and have a steep slopes and a peak generally higher than a hill

A

mountains

108
Q

it refers to the process of forming mountains and mountain ranges. it involves the collision of plates and forces of compression

A

orogenesis

109
Q

tectonic plates may move __ one another and push landmasses __ to form mountain ranges

A

toward; upward

110
Q

these are formed through plate convergence

A

fold mountains

111
Q

these usually have isolated peaks that formed for over thousand or millions of years

A

volcanic mountain ranges

112
Q

formed from accumulated lava flows, pyroclasts, and other igneous rocks that piled over time

A

volcanic mountain ranges

113
Q

erosion-formed mountain ranges form because of earth’s internal activity (true or false)

A

false since it forms because of rock erosion or weathering

114
Q

result from up warping of tectonic plates and are not accompanied by the collision of plate boundaries

A

dome mountain ranges

115
Q

this are elongated structures in the crust

A

domes

116
Q

the movement of normal faults causes tensional forces and can uplift large blocks of crust to form __

A

fault-block mountains

117
Q

when plates collide at a plate boundary in a subduction zone, the force will resist movement

A

slab resistance

118
Q

occurs where a heavy plate is pulled into the mantle but resists subduction because of friction. this force opposes slab pull

A

collosional resistance

119
Q

the spreading center along a ridge is broken by several kilometers sometimes

A

transform fault resistance

120
Q

resist movement of lithosphere plates

A

drag force

121
Q

the pulling force exerted by a cold, dense oceanic plate plunging into the mantle due to its own weight.

A

slab pull

122
Q

the force due to the buoyancy of the hot mantle rising to the surface beneath the ridge.

A

ridge push

123
Q

describes the movement of the mantle as it transfers heat from the white-hot core to the brittle lithosphere.

A

mantle convection

124
Q

causes the overriding plate to move away from the subduction zone

A

slab pull

125
Q

results in trench-ward motion of the overriding plate

A

slab suction

126
Q

caused by the rising of heat from the core toward the mantle

A

mantle convection

127
Q

it takes place when a subducting slab sinks into the hot mantle because of a difference in temperature

A

slab pull

128
Q

it occurs between two colliding plates, one subducting underneath the other, whereby convection currents in the upper mantle suck both plates down

A

slab suction

129
Q

it occurs when the lithosphere is pushed up by the asthenosphere because of convection currents from the mantle.

A

ridge push

130
Q

the force that resists all the forces associated with the plate movement in subduction zones

A

slab resistance

131
Q

occurs when a heavy plate is pulled into the mantle but resists subduction because of friction

A

collisional resistance

132
Q

it is the frictional force due to the opposing movements of plates moving past one another between two spreading centers

A

transform fault resistance

133
Q

it resists movement of lithospheric plates

A

drag force

SCIENCE MOD 1 (1 decks)

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