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Geography Plate Tectnoics > Plate Tectonic > Flashcards

Plate Tectonic Flashcards

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1
Q

What is plate tectonic

A

It is the Earths crust moving and joining due to the radioactive decay building up heat on the mantle

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2
Q

What was Alfred Wegner theory

A

The jigsaw fit

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3
Q

What are 3 other pieces of evidence which show that the countries were together

A

Study of fossils, geological patterns, convection currents and palaeomagnetism

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4
Q

What is the study of fossils.

A

Similar fossils have been founded on different countries this could not be possible as some animals could not swim across the ocean like the Mesosaurus. This could not of have been possible unless the countries were joined together

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5
Q

What is the study of convection currents

A

Convection currents drive the movement of Earth’s rigid tectonic plates in the planet’s fluid molten mantle

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6
Q

What are geological patterns

A

Similar patterns of rock layers on different continents is evidence that mountains were joined together coal was also founded in Antartics which was unusual as it needs a warm climate to form

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7
Q

What is the Jigsaw fit

A

On a map the countries seem like they were joined together because the sides of some countries seem like it would stick together

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8
Q

What is palaeomagnetism

A

Magma and volcanos cause the seafloor to spread as lava cools the magnetic iron points north and every 100 million years it switches and the iron points in a different direction

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9
Q

Name 5 plates

A

Eurasian plate, African plate , South American plate, North American plate , Pacific plate, Indo-Australian plate, Cocos plate,Nazca plate, Juan de fuca plate

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10
Q

What is a divergent boundary

A

It is when two plates slowly move away an example of this is the Mid Atlantic ridge every year it would move 2cm wider

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11
Q

Convergent boundary

A

Two plates move towards each other as a result of a convection currents the oceanic plate is more dense then the continental as a result it will sink below this is called subduction. The result of this will cause earthquakes and volcanos.

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12
Q

What is the epicentre

A

It is the closest point to where the earthquake will be in contact with land

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13
Q

What is the focus

A

The point where the earthquake happens

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14
Q

What is the Richter scale

A

The Richter scale is measured by how big the earthquake is it is measured by a seisometer (1small 9big)

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15
Q

What is the Mercalli scale

A

The Mercalli scale is measured by observations of the resulting damage it goes up by 1 using roman numerals (1 small 12big)

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16
Q

What is a an economic problem which was caused by the Haiti earthquake

A

Many commercial buildings such as shops, offices,banks and factories were destroyed

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17
Q

What is a primary factor caused by the Haiti earthquake

A

220,000 people killed 300,000 injured

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18
Q

What is a primary effect of the Montserrat eruption

A

20 villages and 2/3 of buildings were destroyed because of the lava and fire

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19
Q

What is a positive impact of the Montserrat eruption

A

Farming is more easy as volcanic ash from the volcano is very fertile and can be used for agriculture also tourism has increased because people want to see the volcano

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20
Q

What is a negative impact of the Montserrat eruption

A

Younger people have left which left the ageing population this means that the there will be no economic future for Montserrat

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21
Q

What are some hazards from the Montserrat eruption

A

Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, volcanic ash , voclanic bombs and lahars

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22
Q

How to predict earthquakes

A

There are many ways to predict earthquakes such as seismographs , GPS device to detect changes to the landscape by as little as 1mm and using rock spiders to collect rock samples

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23
Q

How to be protected against an earthquake

A

Buildings can be made to counter eartquakes here are some examples, being made into a triangle shape, counter weights ,seismic dampers, shatter proof glass ,reclaimed land ,bracing and strong materials

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24
Q

How to prepare for an earthquake

A

You can prepare survival kits with items inside to help if an earthquake were to happen you can include food,water,flashlights,batteries,first aid and more . You can also follow specfic steps which is to DROP to the ground - take Cover under a table and HOLD ON to the table by grabbing its leg

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25
Q

What is the stick slip motion

A

It is when plates rub against another plate (conseravtive plate boundary) but then they get stuck and pressure will build up for many years until the plates break free and cause the plates to flick up which causes an tsunami

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26
Q

Name four biomes

A

Desert, Tropical Rainforest, Tundra and grasslands

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27
Q

What is the definition of ecosystem

A

An ecosystem is the study of the living and non living things in an environment where the living things interact between each other and also with the non living environment they are found within.

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28
Q

What are biotic and name at least 3 biotics

A

The living aspects (which contain energy) such as animals, vegetation, detritivores - millipedes and worms, decomposers bacteria and algae and dead animals and plants

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29
Q

What is abiotic and name at least 3 abiotics

A

The non livings surroundings such as water,soil,air and climate

30
Q

The rainforest is home to what percent of the worlds biodiversity

A

50%

31
Q

Temperature of Tropical Rainforests

A

27c to 30c

32
Q

What is a biosphere

A

The regions of Earth surface or atmosphere or another planet occupied by living organisms

33
Q

What is a biome

A

The definition of a biome is a regional or global land area that is characterized by the plants, animals and climate in that area

34
Q

What are the similarities between the location of all the rainforests

A

They all are found around the equator and located by water

35
Q

List at least 3 animals adaptations

A

Camouflage,mimicry,limited diet,poisonous,reduction in size,nocturnality and changing of habitats

36
Q

What items do we use in our lives which are found in the TRF

A

Bauxite, sugar cane, cocoa, teak,palm oil, coconut oil, rosewood oil and more

37
Q

Why dont indigenous tribes want the TRF to be destroyed

A

Because they live using items from the rainforest such as wood and leaves to live in ,animals to eat , plants for medicine and the forest for their religion

38
Q

What are slash and burn farmers

A

Slash and Burn’ farming is a type of farming still used by 500million landless farmers in the rainforests around the world. We call them subsistence farmers

  • Farmers clear small areas (2 hectares) by
    cutting and burning the trees.
  • The ash from burning adds nutrients to the
    soil
  • The land is farmed for food for 5 years but
    after that the soil becomes infertile and the farmers move to a new area.
39
Q

Who is most responsible for destroying the rainforest

A

Commercial buisnesses who make a profit from Transnational corporations or governments

40
Q

Why do people cut down the rainforest

A

To make a profit to clear of debt or to get enough to get by, to develop their country by making /using resources from the TFR and for the demand of resources

41
Q

Why does the middle class consume a lot of products from the rainforest

A

The middle class consumes a lot of products because the middle class population is growing which means that more people would want to consume more products as that product will be in need more often

42
Q

Why do buisnesses take part in deforestation

A

TNCs are global companies who have their production and sales departments in many different countries to enable them to:

  • Lower production costs (use materials from other countries and have their factories in lower wage locations)
  • Increase sales income (to sell to more middle income people in these countries)
43
Q

What are the impacts on the environment when the rainforest is destroyed

A

Trees transpire and give off a huge amount of water through transpiration. When trees are cut down the climate becomes drier and hotter

Trees absorb CO2 when they get cut down they release this and wont be able to absorb this gas anymore this means the climate becomes more unpredictable usually warmer and wetter

Global air circulation may change creating climate phenomena such as El Nino which changes air ​patterns in the Pacific Ocean. This create very dry and hot conditions in Australasia and often ​destructive forest fires, with many deaths, whilst south America experiences much wetter conditions ​and serious flooding

44
Q

Impacts to animals when rainforests are destroyed

A

A 25-​hectare (25 rugby pitches) plot of rainforest in Borneo may contain more than 700 species of trees -double ​the total in the UK!! This same location may contain 1500 species of plants, more than 5 times the amount ​than in the UK.They cover 5% of the earth’s surface but contain over 50% of the species of plants and animals in the world.

If the rainforest is destroyed then these animals will die out due to the loss of their habitat ,food and water. This will result in extinction of species

45
Q

Impacts to medicine when the rainforest is destroyed

A

About a quarter of all medicines come from the rainforest plants. For example, quinine from the cinchona ​tree is used to treat malaria, whilst aspirin is a copy of a chemical from a rainforest plant. 70 percent of the ​plants with anti-cancer properties are native to tropical rainforests.

If the rainforest is cut down this will result in a loss of plants which could be used for medicinal purposes to treat illnesses

46
Q

What is agroforestry

A

Trees and crops are planted at the same time , so that the trees roots bind the soil and the leaves protect it from heavy rain

47
Q

What is green manure

A

Plants which add nutrients to the soil as they grow are planted to maintain soil fertility

48
Q

What is crop rotation

A

Crops are moved between different fields each year with one left empty, so the soil has time to recover

49
Q

What is sustainable logging

A

Sustainable logging is cutting down trees in a sustainable way such as cutting trees which are ready (selective logging) , collecting the timber with a helicopter( heli logging), and replanting the trees after you cut a few down (afforestation)

50
Q

What are National parks

A

National parks setting up parks and reserves to try and preserve the unique flora and fauna for conservation purposes. All development in the forest is restricted to preserve natural systems in the soil and climate and to protect animals and plants

51
Q

What is monitoring

A

These areas are protected by certain laws and regulations and use monitoring through satellite technology and photographs to check all activities are taking place legally and follow the guidelines for sustainability

52
Q

What is conservation swaps

A

Peru owe the USA some money. The USA will cancel part of the debt in exchange for Peru using this money for conservation of Peru’s rainforest and species. Non government Organisations (NGOs) like the WWF often help arrange the swaps

53
Q

What is ecotourism

A

Ecotourism is tourism that minimises damage to the environment they do this by making sure litter and waste is disposed properly to reduce contamination , it provides income to the locals people and they don’t need to resort to log or farm and they have a stable income from this job

54
Q

What is the Kilum-Ijim sustainable environment management doing right

A

They use all sustainable methods such as selective logging, agroforestry, ecotourism and afforestation to minimise damage to the environment whilst also making an income for the community who lives there

55
Q

List the nutirent cycle

A

Dead leaves and animals waste fall all year round, decomposers release the nutrients from them, soil is poor due to the nutrients not being able to sink in,the roots quickly take up the nutrients again and then the nutrients help the vegetation grow

56
Q

List the nutrient cycle after deforestation

A

No trees means that there will be no leaves to decompose, decomposers will have nothing to consume so they will die or move somewhere else, soil has even less nutrients, no nutrients from soil so tree stumps will take a long time to grow back

57
Q

How is nuclear power made

A

Chemical reactions take place and atoms and neutrons collide which cause atoms to split and cause heat

water is passed through the reactor to 300c

A coolant pump then circulates the hot, pressured water from the reactor vessel through the steam generator

hot pressured water flows through the thousands of looped pipes and another flows outside

steam passes through a turbine and energy converts to electric energy

a transformer converts electrical energy to a high voltage needed by the national grid

national grid uses high voltage to transmit electricity efficiently through the power line and to the homes and buisnesses.

After this the steam passes over the pipes full of cold water pumped in from the sea and pumped back in the generator to be reheated

58
Q

What are the negative impacts of the Chernobyl explosion

A

Many people around the area had to evacuate due to the extreme amount of radiation (explosion 400 times more radioactive then thr Hiroshima bomb)

many long term health implications such as thyroid cancer and radiation sicknes

Many people had to find someplace else to live and try to make a living as they had to leave their belongings due to it being contaminated

59
Q

What are the positive impacts of the Chernobyl explosion

A

Vegetation and wildlife thriving as there are no human civilisation nearby

60
Q

Where was the Mesosaurus dinosaur found

A

South America and the Eastern side of Africa

61
Q

What is a shield volcano

A

They form on divergent plate boundarys when both plates are being pulled apart creating a tear for magma to leak throuh and cause pressure to build up .This type of volcano have very small explosions and have very small but frequent eartquakes

62
Q

What is a composite volcano

A

This volcano appears on convergent plate boundaries . It is created through subduction , this volcano is known to be deadly as well as explosive

63
Q

What is apiculture

A

Bee farming / keeping

64
Q

Benefits from Apiculture

A

Apiculture provides a jobs for the locals and a stable income and it preserves the bees and allows then to pollinate the environment

65
Q

What is an invasive species

A

An invasive species is an organism that is not indigenous, or native, to a particular area. Invasive species can cause great economic and environmental harm to the new area.

66
Q

Example of an invasive species

A

Grey squirrels ,columbian hippos

67
Q

What is development

A

Development is the economic, social and political progress a country or people make. For it to be beneficial it must be sustainable (long term and experienced by many people across society)

68
Q

How do we measure development

A

Development is measured using the Human Development Index (HDI) ). HDI is calculated by the United Nations . It measures average life expectancy , level of education and income for each country in the world.

69
Q

How did the Montserrat volcano erupt

A

Montserrat is situated on a boundary between the Caribbean plate and the Atlantic plate they converged into each other which caused the soufriere hills to erupt

70
Q

Where is Haiti located

A

Haiti lies right on the boundary of the Caribbean and North American plates

Geography Plate Tectnoics (1 decks)

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