Plasma Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

what compound allows animal cells to exist without a cell wall.

A

cholesterol within the phospholipid layers

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2
Q

what does cholesterol within the phospholipid lipid layers do?

A

it creates a rigid and impermeable cell wall in animal cells

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3
Q

what are transmembrane proteins?

A

proteins that cross both layers of the bilayer
they are integral
they generally cannot leave

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4
Q

what role do many transmembrane proteins play within the cell?

A

many are carrier or channel proteins

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5
Q

what are peripheral proteins?

A

they only interact with the membrane temporarily and can interact with the phospholipid bilayer or attach to a transmembrane protein

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6
Q

what can peripheral protein interactions cause?

A

different responses e.g. tell a transmembrane channel to close - which is important to cell signalling

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7
Q

what is the extracellular matrix?

A

the surroundings of an animal cell that consists of glycoproteins, polysaccharides and other things.

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8
Q

what does interstitial mean?

A

connects between nearby cells that arent attached to each other

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9
Q

can the extracellular membrane be interstitial?

A

yes

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10
Q

what is a base membrane?

A

a base that cells can be attached to giving them strength and stability.

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11
Q

what are glycoproteins/glyoclipids?

A

chains of sugars attached to proteins or lipids

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12
Q

where are glycoproteins/glycolipids located?

A

only on the outside of the cell

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13
Q

what role to glycoproteins/glycolipids play?

A

they are very important for cell-cell recognition

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14
Q

what is the defining factor for blood type?

A

the different glycoproteins attached to the outside of red blood cells (determines blood type)

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15
Q

what determines the fluidity of the phospholipid membrane?

A

the number of unsaturated lipids in the phospholipd tails

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16
Q

what are microdomains and how are they formed?

A

a collection of proteins and lipids that are floating within the membrane

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17
Q

what can happen when two cells fuse?

A

the proteins in their membrane can mix

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18
Q

which kind of molecules can cross the membrane unaided?

A

small hydrophobic molecules

and very small non-ionic molecules

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19
Q

what kind of molecules require protein channels to cross the membrane?

A

most small hydrophilic molecules

20
Q

which molecules are unable to pass through the membrane?

A

larger molecules

21
Q

when does diffusion occur?

A

constantly and naturally to reach equilibrium

22
Q

which specialized transport mechanisms are needed for diffusion to occur?

A

none

23
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water

24
Q

what is required for osmosis to occur?

A

specific channels - aquaporins

25
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

when water is lost from the cell through osmosis

26
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

when water is gained from the cell though osmosis

27
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

when water is neither lost or gained from the cell via osmosis

28
Q

what disease is related to issues with osmosis in the body?

A

diabetes

29
Q

what are epithelial cells?

A

cells that line the outside of surfaces of tissues

30
Q

what sort of channels are aquaporins?

A

chanel proteins - always open

31
Q

what sort of proteins do Na+ and K+ ions travel through?

A

chanel proteins

32
Q

what are carrier proteins used to transport?

A

larger chemicals e.g. glucose or neurotransmitters

33
Q

do all carrier proteins carry all chemicals ?

A

no, all chemicals e.g. neurotransmitters have their own families of carrier proteins for transmission

34
Q

what are gated proteins?

A

channel proteins that can be controlled by voltage across the membrane or contact with a signalling molecule or chemical.

35
Q

what would cause short-term effects with gated proteins?

A

voltage across the membrane

contact with a signalling molecule

36
Q

what would cause a long-term effect with gated proteins?

A

chemical changes within the cell e.g. phosphorylation

37
Q

what is a uniporter?

A

a carrier protein that allows 1 thing across the channel from extracellular to intracellular

38
Q

what is a symporter?

A

where 2 molecules can quickly be passed across the membrane at the same time (in the same direction)

39
Q

what is an antiporter?

A

where two molecules can pass across the membrane, at the same time, in different directions

40
Q

what is a faster transporter - a symporter or an antiporter?

A

a symporter

41
Q

what example of transport requires energy ?

A

Na+ and K+ pump

42
Q

how are molecules transported across the membrane?

A

using energy from ATP

43
Q

what happens in a Na+ - K+ pump

A

3Na+ leave the cell and 2K+ come into the cell

44
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

where target materials bonded to the membrane are brought into the cell when the membrane invaginates to form a vesicle.

45
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

where vesicles meet the membrane and fuse, then release the contents from the cell e.g. neurotransmitters on synapses.