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Bio-101 > Plants I > Flashcards

Plants I Flashcards

1
Q

Plants colonized land over 400 million years ago. Which group of algae is believed to be
the ancestor of land plants?

A

Charophytes

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2
Q

What are two adaptations that facilitate life on land?

A

alternation of generations - multicellular forms

walled spores produced in sporangia (multicellular organs) - sporopollenin makes spores resistant to harsh environments

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3
Q

Read carefully to find the five key traits plants share with green algae. List them here.

A
  1. chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b
  2. distinctive rings of proteins - cellulose
  3. flagellated sperm
  4. nuclear, chloroplast, mitochondrial DNA
  5. Zygnema is closest living relative of plants
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4
Q

Some plants share production of sporopollenin with the charophytes, a lineage of green algae.
What is sporopollenin, and why is it important for life on land?

A

polymer cover that prevents them from drying out

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5
Q

Sexual life cycles always feature two key events. What are they?

A

meiosis - two sports develop into haploids (gametophyte)

fertilization is two haploids = one diploid (zygote) or (sporophyte)

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6
Q

If the gametophyte has 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the sporophyte?

A

32

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7
Q

In animals, the direct result of meiosis is a gamete. In plants, what is directly produced
by meiosis?

A

multicellular haploid gametophyte

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8
Q

Alternation of generations is a feature of the plant clade. Name the two generations that
alternate

A

gametophyte and sporophyte

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9
Q

Which plant generation is haploid and which is diploid

A

gametophyte - haploid

diploid - sporophyte

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10
Q

What is produced by the gametophyte generation?

A

haploid gametes

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11
Q

What is produced by the sporophyte generation?

A

unicellular haploid spores

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12
Q

What are sporangia?

A

multicellular organs that produce sperm

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13
Q

What are spores? How are they an adaptation to life on land?

A

haploid reproductive cells

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14
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

waxy covering on epidermis

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15
Q

What are the apical meristems?

A

enable root and stems elongate - help acquire resources

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16
Q

What are stomata

A

specialized spores to help gas exchange

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17
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

cell tubes that transport water and nutrients

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18
Q

What is a seed?

A

embryo packed with nutrients with protective coat

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19
Q

What are gymnosperms? give example

A

naked seed plants, conifers

20
Q

What are angiosperms? give example

A

flowering plants, trees

21
Q

What are three types of nonvascular plants?

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

22
Q

Vascular plants are divided into what two group? And they what comes from them?

A

seedless vascular - lycophytes (club moss) and pterophytes (ferns)

seed - gymnosperms (naked) and angiosperms (flowering)

23
Q

What is a clade?

A

group of species including ancestors and descendants

24
Q

Do the three groups of nonvascular plants form a clade?

A

no, bryophytes don’t form monophyletic group

25
Q

Which two groups of nonvascular plants are most closely related?

A

mosses and hornworts

26
Q

Are ferns more closely related to club moss or seed plants?

A

ferns and seed plants

27
Q

Do seed plants form a clade?

28
Q

What’s made in the antheridium? Archegonium?

A

antheridium - sperm

archegonium - egg

29
Q

What is made by gametophyte generation?

30
Q

What is made by the sporophyte generation?

A

unicellular haploid spores

31
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

anther and ovary

32
Q

In animals, the gametes are formed by meiosis. In plants, what cells are formed by meiosis?

A

multicellular haploid gametophytes

33
Q

How are spores dispersed?

A

by sporangia into the air

34
Q

How does sperm reach egg?

A

through moisture film in archegonium

35
Q

Which generation is haploid in pic?

A

gametophyte

36
Q

Which generation is diploid in pic?

A

sporophyte

37
Q

How do mosses absorb water? How is it distributed?

38
Q

Which moss generation is dominant

A

gametophyte (haploid)

39
Q

What feature of ferns allows them to live in moist environments

A

swimming sperm that relies on water

40
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue? What does each transport?

A

xylem - conducts water/minerals

phloem - living cells for sugar and amino acids

41
Q

Ferns are vascular, why are nonvascular plants tiny?

A

lignified vascular tissue allows for stems

nonvascular lack this

42
Q

How does Lignified give vascular plants a competitive edge?

A

tall plants outcompete smaller plants - sunlight and spore dispersal

43
Q

What are the functions of roots?

A

absorb water and nutrients

44
Q

Which generation is dominant in ferns?

45
Q

List characteristics of all seed plants?

Bio-101 (2 decks)

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