Plants I

Question 1

Plants colonized land over 400 million years ago. Which group of algae is believed to be
the ancestor of land plants?

Answer 1

Charophytes

Question 2

What are two adaptations that facilitate life on land?

Answer 2

alternation of generations - multicellular forms

walled spores produced in sporangia (multicellular organs) - sporopollenin makes spores resistant to harsh environments

Question 3

Read carefully to find the five key traits plants share with green algae. List them here.

Answer 3

1. chloroplasts with chlorophyll a and b
2. distinctive rings of proteins - cellulose
3. flagellated sperm
4. nuclear, chloroplast, mitochondrial DNA
5. Zygnema is closest living relative of plants

Question 4

Some plants share production of sporopollenin with the charophytes, a lineage of green algae.
What is sporopollenin, and why is it important for life on land?

Answer 4

polymer cover that prevents them from drying out

Question 5

Sexual life cycles always feature two key events. What are they?

Answer 5

meiosis - two sports develop into haploids (gametophyte)

fertilization is two haploids = one diploid (zygote) or (sporophyte)

Question 6

If the gametophyte has 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in the sporophyte?

Answer 6

32

Question 7

In animals, the direct result of meiosis is a gamete. In plants, what is directly produced
by meiosis?

Answer 7

multicellular haploid gametophyte

Question 8

Alternation of generations is a feature of the plant clade. Name the two generations that
alternate

Answer 8

gametophyte and sporophyte

Question 9

Which plant generation is haploid and which is diploid

Answer 9

gametophyte - haploid

diploid - sporophyte

Question 10

What is produced by the gametophyte generation?

Answer 10

haploid gametes

Question 11

What is produced by the sporophyte generation?

Answer 11

unicellular haploid spores

Question 12

What are sporangia?

Answer 12

multicellular organs that produce sperm

Question 13

What are spores? How are they an adaptation to life on land?

Answer 13

haploid reproductive cells

Question 14

What is the cuticle?

Answer 14

waxy covering on epidermis

Question 15

What are the apical meristems?

Answer 15

enable root and stems elongate - help acquire resources

Question 16

What are stomata

Answer 16

specialized spores to help gas exchange

Question 17

What is vascular tissue?

Answer 17

cell tubes that transport water and nutrients

Question 18

What is a seed?

Answer 18

embryo packed with nutrients with protective coat

Question 19

What are gymnosperms? give example

Answer 19

naked seed plants, conifers

Question 20

What are angiosperms? give example

Answer 20

flowering plants, trees

Question 21

What are three types of nonvascular plants?

Answer 21

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Question 22

Vascular plants are divided into what two group? And they what comes from them?

Answer 22

seedless vascular - lycophytes (club moss) and pterophytes (ferns)

seed - gymnosperms (naked) and angiosperms (flowering)

Question 23

What is a clade?

Answer 23

group of species including ancestors and descendants

Question 24

Do the three groups of nonvascular plants form a clade?

Answer 24

no, bryophytes don’t form monophyletic group

Question 25

Which two groups of nonvascular plants are most closely related?

Answer 25

mosses and hornworts

Question 26

Are ferns more closely related to club moss or seed plants?

Answer 26

ferns and seed plants

Question 27

Do seed plants form a clade?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

What's made in the antheridium? Archegonium?

Answer 28

antheridium - sperm archegonium - egg

Question 29

What is made by gametophyte generation?

Answer 29

haploid

Question 30

What is made by the sporophyte generation?

Answer 30

unicellular haploid spores

Question 31

Where does meiosis occur?

Answer 31

anther and ovary

Question 32

In animals, the gametes are formed by meiosis. In plants, what cells are formed by meiosis?

Answer 32

multicellular haploid gametophytes

Question 33

How are spores dispersed?

Answer 33

by sporangia into the air

Question 34

How does sperm reach egg?

Answer 34

through moisture film in archegonium

Question 35

Which generation is haploid in pic?

Answer 35

gametophyte

Question 36

Which generation is diploid in pic?

Answer 36

sporophyte

Question 37

How do mosses absorb water? How is it distributed?

Answer 37

osmosis

Question 38

Which moss generation is dominant

Answer 38

gametophyte (haploid)

Question 39

What feature of ferns allows them to live in moist environments

Answer 39

swimming sperm that relies on water

Question 40

What are the two types of vascular tissue? What does each transport?

Answer 40

xylem - conducts water/minerals phloem - living cells for sugar and amino acids

Question 41

Ferns are vascular, why are nonvascular plants tiny?

Answer 41

lignified vascular tissue allows for stems nonvascular lack this

Question 42

How does Lignified give vascular plants a competitive edge?

Answer 42

tall plants outcompete smaller plants - sunlight and spore dispersal

Question 43

What are the functions of roots?

Answer 43

absorb water and nutrients

Question 44

Which generation is dominant in ferns?

Question 45

List characteristics of all seed plants?

Answer 45

reduced