Plants/Fungi

Question 1

Plantae Synapomorphies

Answer 1

Chlorophyll a & b for photosynthesis
- Carotenoids as accessory pigments
- Double-membraned chloroplasts
- Sugars stored as starch
- Cell walls composed of cellulose and pectin
- Phragmoplast (perpendicular microtubules relative to plane of cell division

Question 2

Chlorophyta

Answer 2

Green algae

Question 3

Chara

Answer 3

Freshwater, multicellular, 3D,
haplontic life cycle. Reproductive
structures look like antheridium
(sperm container) and archegonia
(egg container)

Question 4

Mitosis

Answer 4

(2N daughter cells)

Question 5

Meiosis

Answer 5

(1N daughter cells)

Question 6

Oedogonium

Answer 6

Filamentous, 1N body
* Produced via mitosis (so 1N)

Question 7

Oogonium

Answer 7

egg container, produce eggs by oogenesis

Question 8

Antheridium

Answer 8

sperm container, produce the male gamete, or sperm cell

Question 9

Zygnematophyceae

Answer 9

Freshwater, haploid, 2D growth, unicellular or filamentous, asexual reproduction & sexual reproduction through conjugation.

Question 10

How do fungi digest

Answer 10

Externally digesting heterotrophs
a) Secrete digestive enzymes
b) Absorb nutrients

Question 11

Fungal Hyphae

Answer 11

tubular projections of multicellular fungi that form a filamentous network they are a thread of cells, One cell thick, High surface area to volume ratio

Question 12

what do Fungal Hyphae do

Answer 12

-Absorb water, ions, nutrients
-Gas exchange
-Waste disposal

Question 13

Mycelium

Answer 13

Root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates.

Question 14

Reproductive structures of fungi

Answer 14

Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores. Fragments of hyphae can grow new colonies.

Question 15

Monokaryotic

Answer 15

Having a single nucleus

Question 16

Dikaryotic

Answer 16

Organisms that contain two genetically distinct cell nuclei in the same cell

Question 17

Homokaryotic

Answer 17

of, relating to, being, or consisting of cells in the mycelium of a fungus that contain two or more genetically identical cells

Question 18

Heterokaryotic

Answer 18

occurs in some fungi after plasmogamy, a cell contains two genetically different nuclei.

Question 19

Plasmogamy

Answer 19

the fusion of two protoplasts (the contents of the two cells), brings together two compatible haploid nuclei

Question 20

Karyogamy

Answer 20

the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells

Question 21

Lichens

Answer 21

Ascomycete fungus & cyanobacteria or green algae
* But recently realized also can be basidiomycetes involved
* Primary successional colonizers
* Indicators of air quality

Question 22

Mycorrhizae (fungus root)

Answer 22

Mutualistic symbiotic relationship
* Plant benefits
- Increased surface area for mineral uptake
* Fungus
-Carbon source

Question 23

Non-vascular summary

Answer 23

• Emergence of haplo-diplontic life cycles
  -Alternation of enations
• Gametophyte dominant
  -Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
• 3D bodies
• Proto-vascular tissues
• Waxy cuticle and stomates
• Associations with fungi, including AMF

Question 24

Lycophytes - seedless vascular plants

Answer 24

• Independent, branched sporophyte
• Independent gameteophyte (for the most part)
• Sporophyte dominant life cycle
• Lignified vascular tissue, tracheids, roots
• Some with strobili (evolved multiple times)
• Some with heterospory (evolved multiple times)
• Lycopodium – strobilus and homosporous
• Selaginella – strobilus and heterosporous
• Isoetes – no strobilus and heterosporous

Question 25

Development of tracheids

Answer 25

• Water-conducting cells with a lignin-containing secondary wall in addition to
  primary cell wall
• Pits in sides and ends of cell where water can flow
• Xylem provides passive water conduction via evapotranspiration
• Xylem also provides structural support

Question 26

Development of phloem

Answer 26

• Sugar and nutrient conducting cells