Plants/Fungi Flashcards
Plantae Synapomorphies
Chlorophyll a & b for photosynthesis
- Carotenoids as accessory pigments
- Double-membraned chloroplasts
- Sugars stored as starch
- Cell walls composed of cellulose and pectin
- Phragmoplast (perpendicular microtubules relative to plane of cell division
Chlorophyta
Green algae
Chara
Freshwater, multicellular, 3D,
haplontic life cycle. Reproductive
structures look like antheridium
(sperm container) and archegonia
(egg container)
Mitosis
(2N daughter cells)
Meiosis
(1N daughter cells)
Oedogonium
Filamentous, 1N body
* Produced via mitosis (so 1N)
Oogonium
egg container, produce eggs by oogenesis
Antheridium
sperm container, produce the male gamete, or sperm cell
Zygnematophyceae
Freshwater, haploid, 2D growth, unicellular or filamentous, asexual reproduction & sexual reproduction through conjugation.
How do fungi digest
Externally digesting heterotrophs
a) Secrete digestive enzymes
b) Absorb nutrients
Fungal Hyphae
tubular projections of multicellular fungi that form a filamentous network they are a thread of cells, One cell thick, High surface area to volume ratio
what do Fungal Hyphae do
-Absorb water, ions, nutrients
-Gas exchange
-Waste disposal
Mycelium
Root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates.
Reproductive structures of fungi
Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores. Fragments of hyphae can grow new colonies.
Monokaryotic
Having a single nucleus
Dikaryotic
Organisms that contain two genetically distinct cell nuclei in the same cell
Homokaryotic
of, relating to, being, or consisting of cells in the mycelium of a fungus that contain two or more genetically identical cells
Heterokaryotic
occurs in some fungi after plasmogamy, a cell contains two genetically different nuclei.
Plasmogamy
the fusion of two protoplasts (the contents of the two cells), brings together two compatible haploid nuclei
Karyogamy
the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells
Lichens
Ascomycete fungus & cyanobacteria or green algae
* But recently realized also can be basidiomycetes involved
* Primary successional colonizers
* Indicators of air quality
Mycorrhizae (fungus root)
Mutualistic symbiotic relationship
* Plant benefits
- Increased surface area for mineral uptake
* Fungus
-Carbon source
Non-vascular summary
- Emergence of haplo-diplontic life cycles
-Alternation of enations - Gametophyte dominant
-Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte - 3D bodies
- Proto-vascular tissues
- Waxy cuticle and stomates
- Associations with fungi, including AMF
Lycophytes - seedless vascular plants
- Independent, branched sporophyte
- Independent gameteophyte (for the most part)
- Sporophyte dominant life cycle
- Lignified vascular tissue, tracheids, roots
- Some with strobili (evolved multiple times)
- Some with heterospory (evolved multiple times)
- Lycopodium – strobilus and homosporous
- Selaginella – strobilus and heterosporous
- Isoetes – no strobilus and heterosporous
Development of tracheids
- Water-conducting cells with a lignin-containing secondary wall in addition to
primary cell wall - Pits in sides and ends of cell where water can flow
- Xylem provides passive water conduction via evapotranspiration
- Xylem also provides structural support
Development of phloem
- Sugar and nutrient conducting cells
