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Biology 206 > Plants Form and Function > Flashcards

Plants Form and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Xylem

A

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

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2
Q

phloem

A

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

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3
Q

chitin

A

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls

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4
Q

indeterminate growth

A

A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.

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5
Q

determinate growth

A

A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached.

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6
Q

angiosperms

A

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

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7
Q

gymnosperms

A

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

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8
Q

shoot system

A

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

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9
Q

root system

A

All of a plant’s roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

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10
Q

apical bud

A

A bud at the tip of a plant stem; also called a terminal bud.

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11
Q

node

A

where a petiole attaches to a stem

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12
Q

petiole

A

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

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13
Q

axillary bud

A

A structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot, or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem.

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14
Q

taproot

A

primary root found in some plants that grows longer and thicker than other roots

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15
Q

lateral roots

A

A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.

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16
Q

pneumatophores

A

also known as air roots, these roots are produced by trees like mangroves, and project above the surface to get oxygen

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17
Q

storage roots

A

modified roots that store water or food

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18
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A

Root systems are tube shape for greater surface area and absorptive regions of a shoot system are flattened structures - leaves

Plant body is more efficient as an absorption and synthesis machine when it has a large surface area relative to its volume

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19
Q

phenotypic plasticity in shoot systems

A

Plants undergo differential growth, producing more branches and leaves in regions of the body that are exposed to the highest light levels. A plant’s shoot system grows in directions that maximize its chances of capturing light

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20
Q

stolons

A

A horizontal above ground stem that takes root at various intervals

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21
Q

rhizomes

A

horizontal underground stems

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22
Q

tubers

A

the thick, fleshy parts of underground stems, such as potatoes

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23
Q

simple leaf

A

a leaf that has an undivided blade

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24
Q

compound leaves

A

have more than one blade on every petiole

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25
morphological diversity in leaves
not all are large and some are thing in order to minimize transpiration; Arrange of leaves vary to maximize of light capacity -simple -compound -doubly compound -needlelike
26
phenotypic plasticity in leaves
*Although leaves do not grow continuously, they do exhibit phenotypic plasticity *Oak tree leaves vary depending on the amount of sunlight they are exposed to --Sun leaves have relatively small surface area, reducing water loss in areas of the body where light is abundant --Shade leaves are relatively large and broad, providing a high surface area to maximize photon absorption
27
primary cell wall
In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell. Supports cell and shape
28
secondary cell wall
In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support.
29
plasmodesmata
channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
30
simple tissues
consist of a single cell type
31
complex tissues
composed of two or more kinds of cells
32
tissue systems
dermal, vascular, ground
33
dermal tissue system
The outer protective covering of plants
34
ground tissue system
Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.
35
totipotent
Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.
36
vascular tissue system
carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots
37
parenchyma
synthesis and storage of sugars and other compounds simple tissue
38
sieve tube elements
found in phloem; stacked end to end; have holes so materials can get in and out of the phloem
39
companion cells
the active cells found next to sieve tube elements that supply the phloem vessels with all of their metabolic needs
40
epidermis
(ground) Complex tissue consisting of epidermal cells, guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs Shoots: protection, gas exchange Roots: protection, water and nutrient absorption
41
collenchyma
(ground) simple tissue consisting of collenchyma cells (primary cell wall only with uneven thickenings, flexible cell walls) support (mostly in stems and leaves)
42
sclerenchyma
(ground) simple tissue consisting of sclerenchyma cells; sclereids or fibers (primary and secondary cell walls; dead at maturity) Sclereids: protection (mostly in hard outer surfaces of seeds and fruits) Fibers: support (mostly in stems and leaves)
43
apical meristems
Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.
44
primary growth
Growth produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots.
45
primary plant body
The tissues produced by apical meristems, which lengthen stems and roots
46
primary meristems
protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
47
meristems
Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.
48
protoderm
The outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots. (dermal)
49
ground meristem
gives rise to the ground tissue system -parenchyma -collenchyma -sclerenchyma
50
procambium
A primary meristem of roots and shoots that forms the vascular tissue. -xylem -phloem
51
root cap
a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury
52
perrenial
lasting for a long time
53
phenotypic plasticity
the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment
54
phenotypic plasticity of root systems
Roots change in order to respond to the environment, such as they actively grow in areas with abundant resources and die where resources lack.
55
anchor roots
anchor stems to walls and other plants
56
prop roots
roots that grow partially in the air and partially in the ground
57
absorption
when the surface area to volume ratio is greatest (flattened structures such as leaves)
58
storage
when the surface area to volume ratio is the least (such as tubers)
59
roots
Function is to absorb nutrients in the soil (K, P, N, H2O), have communication between similar species or others plants
60
stem
function is to transport water and sugars through the vascular tissues, to allow the plant to access light, and provide support
61
leaves
function is to capture sunlight, take in CO2, store water, and store energy in modifications
62
flowers
function is mainly reproduction
63
stolon
function is asexual reproduction
64
bulbs
ex. garlic modified leaf uses materials for next year's growth
65
succulents
storage of H2O ex. aloe vera
66
tendrils
support, grow taller for sunlight (do not have wood)
67
floral mimics
ex. poinsettias attract pollinators
68
traps
ex. pitcher plants trapping and eating insects for mineral/nutrient retrieval
69
cellulose
most abundant biological polymer on the planet
70
lignin
second most abundant biological polymer on the planet
71
plasmodesmata
Connects cells for cell to cell communication
72
middle lamella
cementing layer between primary cell walls between adjacent cells
73
primary cell wall
mainly composed of cellulose and pectin
74
secondary cell wall
mainly composed of cellulose and lignin
75
seeds
where embryotic tissues originate
76
epidermal cells
secrete wax to make cuticles which protect the plant from evaporation
77
stomatal guard cells
regulate the pore aperture
78
trichomes
protects plants form UV light, insects, and transpiration
79
root hairs
allow mineral uptake
80
specialized dermal cells
stomatal guard cells, trichomes, root hairs
81
progenitor cells
protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
82
protoderm
Gives rise the epidermal cells
83
ground meristem
photosynthesis, storage, and support
84
procambium
providing primary tissues for vascular tissue
85
countercurrent
An adaption that occurs in several physiological systems
86
Hypothalamus
A major center in thermostat - integrator in vertebrates (compares input with set point) (instructs effectors)

Biology 206 (1 decks)

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