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Biology 1011 > Plants - Bio 1011 > Flashcards

Plants - Bio 1011 Flashcards

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1
Q

Accessory Pigment

A

any pigment in plants that can absorb light energy and pass the electrons along to the primary pigment which starts the process of photosynthesis.

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2
Q

Alternation of generations

A

A life cycle with both a multicellular diploid, sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid, gametophytes.

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3
Q

Amylopectin

A

The insoluble or gel component of starch that forms a paste with water, but does not solidify.

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4
Q

Amylose

A

The soluble or sol component of starch that forms a stiff gel at ordinary temperatures.

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5
Q

Analogous characters

A

Similar characteristics because of convergent evolution, not homologous.

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6
Q

Angiosperm

A

A flowering plant that produces seeds inside the protective chamber called the ovary.

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7
Q

Antheridium

A

The male gametangium, moist chamber in which gametes develop.

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8
Q

Archegonium

A

The female gametangium, moist chamber in which gametes develop.

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9
Q

Autotrophic

A

Organisms capable of self nourishment, they use energy from the sun or oxidation to make organic molecules.

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10
Q

Cell membrane

A

The semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell.

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11
Q

Cell plate

A

Membrane-bound, flattened sac at the midline of dividing plant cell, where a new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Protective layer outside the plasma membrane, composed of cellulose and chitin.

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13
Q

Charophyta

A

The closest relatives of land plants, a type of green algae, support both nuclear and chloroplast genes.

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14
Q

Chlamydomonas

A

A single-cell green alga WITHOUT

alternation of generations

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15
Q

Chlorophyta

A

Green alga without alternation of generations

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16
Q

Chloroplast

A

The organelle in plants and photosynthetic protists, that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and water.

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17
Q

Cuticle

A

The waxy covering on stems and leaves that prevents desiccation.

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18
Q

Cytosol

A

Semi-fluid of the cytoplasm.

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19
Q

Diploid

A

Cell with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. (2n)

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20
Q

Embryo

A

The rudimentary plant, contained within the seed.

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21
Q

Embryophyte

A

Alternate name for land plants, linking them to the trait of multicellular, dependant embryos.

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22
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid reproductive cell i.e. egg or sperm

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23
Q

Gametophyte

A

In organism with alternation of generations (plants), the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis, later become sporophyte when united with with other haploid gamete.

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24
Q

Glucose

A

A sugar

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25
Q

Granum (Grana)

A

Stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts. Function in the light reactions.

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26
Q

Green Alga(e)

A

A photosynthetic protist, paraphyletic group, closer related to land plants than other algae.

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27
Q

Haploid

A

Cell with one set of chromosomes. (n)

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28
Q

Homologous

A

Similar characteristics from shared ancestry.

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29
Q

Land plants

A

Consist of; cuticle, sporopollenin, multicellular, jacketed sex organs = “gametangia”, embryophyte conditions, alternation of generations.
Four groups we study: Mosses, ferns, conifers, angiosperms.

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30
Q

Life Cycle

A

Plants (land): Sporophyte -> meiosis -> spore -> Gametophyte –>sperm/egg -> fertilization -> sporophyte

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31
Q

Meiosis

A

Stage of division in which cells have half the number of chromosome sets as the original.

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32
Q

Monophyletic

A

Group with common ancestor and all its descendants.

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33
Q

Oxygen Revolution

A

When atmospheric oxygen increased as a result of plants.

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34
Q

Plantae

A

Kingdom of plants

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35
Q

Plasmodesma

A

Opening in the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells , allows water and solutes to pass between the cells.

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36
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Formed by dehydration reactions, composed of many monosaccharides.

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37
Q

Seed

A

Consisting of an embryo packaged with a store of food within a protective coat.

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38
Q

Spore

A

Plant or alga: a haploid cell produced in a sporophyte by meiosis. The spore can be divided by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
Fungi: haploid cell that produces mycelium after germination.

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39
Q

Sporophyte

A

The multicellular diploid produced from the union of gametes. Produces multicellular haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes.

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40
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plants spores so they don’t dry out.

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41
Q

Synapomorphy

A

unknown

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42
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened membranous sac in chloroplasts, stacks are called grana, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

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43
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane bound vesicle whose function varies.

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44
Q

Zygote

A

Diplod cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization.

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45
Q

Bryophyta

A

Composed of bryophytes, a phylum of nonvascular plants comprising the true mosses and liverworts.

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46
Q

Carpel

A

ovule producing reproductive organ of a flower (stigma, style and ovary)

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47
Q

Cone

A

The more or less conical multiple fruit of the pine, fir, etc., consisting of overlapping or valvate scales bearing naked ovules or seeds.

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48
Q

Coniferophyta

A

Phylum consisting of the conifers, cone bearing plants.

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49
Q

Dispersal

A

The movement of gametes away from their parent location.

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50
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.

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51
Q

Gametangium

A

Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed. (archegonia, antheridia)

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52
Q

Heterospory/ heterosporous

A

Plant species with two kinds of spores. (microspores = male gametophytes, megaspores = female gametophytes)

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53
Q

Homospory/ homosporous

A

Single spore type = bisexual gametophyte

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54
Q

Megagametophyte

A

the female gametophyte in seed plants.

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55
Q

Microgametophyte

A

the male gametophyte in seed plants.

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56
Q

Micropyle

A

A pore in the integuments of the ovule

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57
Q

Microsporocyte

A

Mother cells that produce microspores

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58
Q

Monoecy/ Monoecious

A

Having the stamens and the pistils in separate flowers on the same plant.

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59
Q

Ovule

A

The plant part that contains the embryo sac and hence the female germ cell, which after fertilization develops into a seed.

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60
Q

Pollen

A

Male gametophyte contained within a pollen wall.

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61
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to the ovules within the archegonium.

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62
Q

Pterophyta

A

Phylum consisting of the ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns (and relatives)

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63
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Two parents produce offspring via gametes

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64
Q

Sorus

A

cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll.

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65
Q

Sporangium

A

Multicellular organ in fungi/plants where meiosis occurs to produce haploid cells.

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66
Q

Fruit

A

Mature ovary of a flower.

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67
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

Functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction.

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68
Q

Microfibril

A

A microtubule, microfilament, or other fine threadlike structure of a cell.

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69
Q

Megasporocyte

A

mother cell that produces megaspores.

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70
Q

Middle lamella

A

Thin layer of adhesive material, pectins, between the primary walls and young cells.

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71
Q

Monocotyledon, monocot

A

Flowering plants that have one seed leaf, or cotyledon.

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72
Q

Ovary

A

The portion of a carpel in which the ovules develop.

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73
Q

Pectin

A

carbohydrate with thickening and emulsifying properties and the ability to solidify to a gel.

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74
Q

Perennial

A

Having a life cycle lasting more than two years

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75
Q

Petal

A

Modified leaf, colourful used for attracting insects.

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76
Q

Pistil

A

Single or group of carpels.

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77
Q

Polar Nuclei

A

Either of two female haploid nuclei, in the embryo sac of flowers, that fuse to produce a diploid nucleus, which combines with a male nucleus to form the endosperm.

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78
Q

Sepal

A

modified leafs that enclose the petals.

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79
Q

Shoot apical meristem

A

The source of all above ground organ growth.

80
Q

Annual Life Cycle

A

One year to complete cycle from germination to seed production.

81
Q

Apical Meristem

A

Embryonic plant tissue at the tips of roots and buds of stems. enable it to grow in length.

82
Q

Collenchyma

A

Flexible cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support the young parts of the plant without restraining growth.

83
Q

Cortex

A

The ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem.

84
Q

Endodermis

A

The inner most layer of the cortex, that surround the vascular cylinder.

85
Q

Epidermis

A

A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns.

86
Q

Ground Meristem

A

An area of primary meristematic tissue, emerging from and immediately behind the apical meristem, that develops into the pith and the cortex.

87
Q

Ground tissue

A

The tissue of a plant other than the epidermis, periderm (dermal) and vascular tissues, consisting primarily of parenchyma, and (in lesser amounts) of collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Cortex and pith are subtypes of ground tissue.

88
Q

Growth ring

A

The annual ring of woody plants, diameter of cells is different, bigger at the beginning of the season compared to the end of the season.

89
Q

Lateral Meristem

A

Thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. i.e vascular cambium and cork cambium.

90
Q

Lignin

A

Provides structural support, hard material, in cell wall.

91
Q

Meristem

A

Plant tissue that remains embryonic, as long as the plant lives, allows for indeterminate growth.

92
Q

Parenchyma

A

cell that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores, organic products and develops into specific cell type.

93
Q

Perennial

A

life cycle longer than two years

94
Q

Pericycle

A

outer most layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise.

95
Q

Pith

A

Ground tissue that forms in the vascular tissue in a stem; monocot root, parenchyma cellos form the central core of the vascular cylinder.

96
Q

Primary Meristem

A

Primary tissue derived from an apical meristem.

97
Q

Primary Phloem

A

Phloem derived directly from the growth of an apical meristem.

98
Q

Primary Xylem

A

xylem derived directly from the growth of an apical meristem.

99
Q

Procambium

A

the meristem from which vascular bundles are developed.

100
Q

Protoderm

A

a thin outer layer of the meristem in embryos and growing points of roots and stems, which gives rise to the epidermis.

101
Q

Root Apical Meristem

A

Generates two tissues simultaneously, the main root axis extending proximally towards the shoot, and the root cap pushing relentlessly forward into the soil, succumbing to sloughing and hence rapid turnover

102
Q

Root Cap

A

A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristems.

103
Q

Root Hair

A

Extension of root epidermal cell, increase surface area for absorption.

104
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

rigid support plant cell type, has thick secondary walls of lignin.

105
Q

Sieve Element

A

in flowering plants the conducting elements in the phloem

106
Q

Sieve-Tube Member

A

specialised type of elongated cell in the phloem tissue of flowering plants. The ends of these cells are connected with other sieve tube members, and together they constitute the sieve tube.

107
Q

Suberin

A

a waxlike, fatty substance, occurring in cork cell walls and in or between other cells.

108
Q

Tracheid

A

water conducting, cell in the xylem in nearly all vascular plants, functioning ones are no long living.

109
Q

True Leaf

A

a foliage leaf of a plant, as opposed to a seed leaf or cotyledon.

110
Q

Vascular Bundle

A

A longitudinal arrangement of strands of xylem and phloem, and sometimes cambium, that forms the fluid-conducting channels of vascular tissue in the rhizomes, stems, and leaf veins of vascular plants.

111
Q

Vascular cambium

A

A cylinder of meristematic tissues in woody plants, that adds secondary layers known as secondary xylem and phloem.

112
Q

Vascular tissue

A

plant tissue consisting of cells that transport water and nutrients.

113
Q

Vessel

A

Continuous water conducting micro pipe in most angiosperms and some non flowering vascular plants.

114
Q

vessel element

A

short and wide water conducting cell in the xylem; dead at maturity.

115
Q

xylem

A

vascular plant cell tissue, consisting mainly of dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upwards from roots.

116
Q

Zone of cell division

A

gives rise to the primary body of the plant.

117
Q

Zone of elongation

A

The cells in this zone stretch and lengthen as small vacuoles within the cytoplasm fill with water , responsible for pushing the root cap and apical tip forward through the soil.

118
Q

zone of maturation

A

elongation cells differentiate into tissues of the primary body, easily recognized by root hairs.

119
Q

Bark

A

All tissue of external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of phloem and layers or periderm.

120
Q

Cork

A

an outer tissue of bark produced by and exterior to the phellogen.

121
Q

Cork Cambium

A

a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker tougher cork cells.

122
Q

Fusiform

A

spindle-shaped; rounded and tapering from the middle toward each end, as some roots

123
Q

Heartwood

A

the hard central wood of the trunk

124
Q

Periderm

A

The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.

125
Q

Phelloderm

A

a layer of parenchyma produced inwardly by the cork cambium; an inner secondary cortex of the cork cambium.

126
Q

Ray initial

A

an isodiametric cell in the vascular cambium, produces elements of the ray system.

127
Q

sapwood

A

the softer part of the wood between the inner bark and the heartwood.

128
Q

secondary phloem

A

phloem derived from the cambium during secondary growth, moves sugar while the primary phloem does nothing.

129
Q

secondary xylem

A

xylem derived from the cambium during secondary growth, moves water while primary xylem does nothing.

130
Q

ADP

A

serves to transfer energy

131
Q

ATP

A

energy

132
Q

apoplast (pathway)

A

movement outside the cell

133
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism requiring organic compounds for its principal source of food.

134
Q

black smoker

A

produce sulphur bacterium, provide the necessary chemicals for plants to survive through chemiosmosis.

135
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction:
CO2 + RuBP → (2) 3-phosphoglycerate. First steps in the Calvin Cycle.

136
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

Calvin cycle is proceeded by reactions that form a four carbon compound. The end product supplying CO2 for the calvin cycle.

137
Q

CAM

A

Uses crassulacean acid metabolism, adaptation in photosynthesis for arid conditions. CO2 enters the stomata at night and is converted to organic acids which releases CO2 for the calvin cycle during the day while stomata are closed.

138
Q

Casparian Strip

A

Water impermeable strip ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele be way of cell walls.

139
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

Organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source.

140
Q

companion cell

A

Cell connected to sieve tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve adjacent sieve tube elements.

141
Q

guard cell

A

two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulates its opening and closing.

142
Q

hydrogen sulfide

A

a colorless, flammable, water-soluble, cumulatively poisonous gas.

143
Q

hydrophilic

A

having a strong affinity for water.

144
Q

mycorrhiza

A

A mutual association with plants roots and fungus.

145
Q

NADH, NADPH, NAD+, NADP+

A 
Nicotinamide dinucleotide 
NAD+ = oxidized electron carrier
NADH = reduced state electron carrier.
Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate
NADP+ = electron accepter that as NADPH temporarily restores energized electrons produced during light reactions.
146
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane.

147
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction (redox)

A

the transfer of electrons between two species, gaining and losing electrons.

148
Q

photophosphorylation

A

The production ATP using energy from the redox reaction of the electron train; third major stage of cellular respiration.

149
Q

photorespiration

A

Metabolic pathway that uses ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and decreases photosynthesis.
occurs on hot dry days, when stomata close the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf decrease favouring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 and rubisco.

150
Q

pigment

A

any substance whose presence in the tissues or cells of r plants colors them.

151
Q

Pit

A

Pits are parts of plant cell walls which allow the exchange of fluids. In the case of pressure changes in the cell lumen pit aspiration can occur.

152
Q

Pressure potential

A

component of water potential that consist of the physical pressure in a solution, positive, zero, or negative.

153
Q

rubisco

A

Rubisco biphosphate carboxylase , the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle. (addition of CO2 to rubisco)

154
Q

second law thermodynamics

A

energy tends to move spontaneously from higher states to lower states; what life is all about, harnessing energy that makes you last i.e. reproduce, leave offspring.

155
Q

solute potential

A

water potential; proportional to molarity of solution and measures the effect of solutes on the direction of water movement; osmotic potential; zero or negative.

156
Q

source, sink

A

Source; produce photosynthates

Sinks; where sugars are delivered in a plant, such as the roots, young shoots, and developing seeds.

157
Q

stomate

A

any of various small apertures, especially one of the minute orifices or slits in the epidermis of leaves, stems, etc., through which gases are exchanged.

158
Q

stroma

A

the matrix of a chloroplast, containing various molecules and ions.

159
Q

sulfur bacterium

A

ability to utilize sulfur or inorganic sulfur compounds as an energy source.

160
Q

symbiosis

A

the living together of two dissimilar organisms, as in mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, or parasitism. (mutualism)

161
Q

symplast (pathway)

A

the continuous system of protoplasts, linked by plasmodesmata and bounded by the cell wall

162
Q

tube worm

A

any of various marine worms that produce and inhabit a tube, some being adapted to a hydrothermal vent environment.

163
Q

water potential

A

the physical property prediction the direction in which water will flow; governed by applied pressure and solute potential.

164
Q

Dark Reactions

A

the phase of photosynthesis, not requiring light, in which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide.

165
Q

ABA

A

f

166
Q

abscisic acid

A

a growth-regulating plant hormone, C 15 H 20 O 4, that promotes dormancy and the aging and abscission of leaves.

167
Q

auxin

A

a class of substances that in minute amounts regulate or modify the growth of plants, especially root formation, bud growth, and fruit and leaf drop.

168
Q

cytokinin

A

any of a class of plant hormones, produced by the roots and traveling upward through the xylem, that promote tissue growth and budding and, on application, retard plant senescence.

169
Q

hormone

A

Also called phytohormone. any of various plant compounds, as auxin or gibberellin, that control growth and differentiation of plant tissue.

170
Q

ethylene

A

a colorless, flammable gas, C 2 H 4, having a sweet, unpleasant odor and taste, the first member of the ethylene series, usually obtained from petroleum and natural gas: used as an agent to improve the color of citrus fruits

171
Q

herbivory

A

feeds on plants

172
Q

IAA

A

ff

173
Q

paristoid

A

the feeding by certain organism such as fungi on host tissues such that the host remains alive until the development is complete.

174
Q

Ascomycota

A

a phylum of fungi (kingdom Fungi) characterized by a saclike structure, the ascus, which contains four to eight ascospores in the sexual stage

175
Q

ascus

A

the sac in ascomycetes in which the sexual spores are formed.

176
Q

basidiomycota

A

the basidiomycetes considered as belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota of the kingdom Fungi.

177
Q

basidium

A

a special form of sporophore, characteristic of basidiomycetous fungi, on which the sexual spores are borne, usually at the tips of slender projections.

178
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide found in many fungal walls and exoskeleton of all anthropods.

179
Q

chytridiomycota

A

a phylum of fungi distinguished by having zoospores (motile cells) with a single, posterior, whiplash structure (flagellum). Species are microscopic in size, and most are found in freshwater or wet soils. Most are parasites of algae and animals or live on organic debris (as saprobes). A few species in the order Chytridiales cause plant disease.

180
Q

conidium

A

an asexual spore formed by abstriction at the top of a hyphal branch.

181
Q

ergot, ergotism

A

a condition caused by eating rye or some other grain that is infected with ergot fungus or by taking an overdose of a medicine containing ergot, characterized by cramps, spasms, and a form of gangrene.

182
Q

glomeromycota

A

Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) with the roots or thalli (e.g. in bryophytes) of land plants.

183
Q

Haustorium

A

a projection from the hypha of a fungus into the organic matter from which it absorbs nutrients.

184
Q

hypha

A

one of the threadlike elements of the mycelium.

185
Q

karyogamy

A

the fusion of the nuclei of cells, as in fertilization.

186
Q

leafcutter ant

A

cut pieces of leaves and use them as fertilizer for the fungus on which they feed

187
Q

lichen

A

composed of a fungus in symbiotic union with an alga and having a greenish, gray, yellow, brown, or blackish thallus that grows in leaflike, crustlike, or branching forms on rocks, trees, etc.

188
Q

LSD

A

a powerful psychedelic drug that produces temporary hallucinations and a schizophrenic psychotic state.

189
Q

mutualism

A

a relationship between two species of organisms in which both benefit from the association.

190
Q

mycelium

A

the mass of hyphae that form the vegetative part of a fungus.

191
Q

plasmogamy

A

the fusion of the protoplasts of cells.

192
Q

saprophyte

A

any organism that lives on dead organic matter, as certain fungi and bacteria.

193
Q

septum

A

a dividing wall, membrane, or the like, in a plant or animal structure; dissepiment.

194
Q

yeast

A

any of various small, single-celled fungi of the phylum Ascomycota that reproduce by fission or budding, the daughter cells often remaining attached, and that are capable of fermenting carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

195
Q

zoospore

A

an asexual spore produced by certain algae and some fungi, capable of moving about by means of flagella.

196
Q

Zygomycota

A

the zygomycetes considered as belonging to the phylum Zygomycota of the kingdom Fungi.

197
Q

Zygotic meiosis

A

–>fusion of cytoplasm from two fungi
–>haploid nuclei from two individuals in the same body: can go on for sometime
–>Fuse nuclei to produce a zygote
–>Undergoes Meiosis
–>Spore
–>Germinates
Fungi have Zygotic Meiosis

Biology 1011 (1 decks)

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