Plants - Bio 1011 Flashcards
1
Q
Accessory Pigment
A
any pigment in plants that can absorb light energy and pass the electrons along to the primary pigment which starts the process of photosynthesis.
2
Q
Alternation of generations
A
A life cycle with both a multicellular diploid, sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid, gametophytes.
3
Q
Amylopectin
A
The insoluble or gel component of starch that forms a paste with water, but does not solidify.
4
Q
Amylose
A
The soluble or sol component of starch that forms a stiff gel at ordinary temperatures.
5
Q
Analogous characters
A
Similar characteristics because of convergent evolution, not homologous.
6
Q
Angiosperm
A
A flowering plant that produces seeds inside the protective chamber called the ovary.
7
Q
Antheridium
A
The male gametangium, moist chamber in which gametes develop.
8
Q
Archegonium
A
The female gametangium, moist chamber in which gametes develop.
9
Q
Autotrophic
A
Organisms capable of self nourishment, they use energy from the sun or oxidation to make organic molecules.
10
Q
Cell membrane
A
The semipermeable membrane enclosing the cytoplasm of a cell.
11
Q
Cell plate
A
Membrane-bound, flattened sac at the midline of dividing plant cell, where a new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.
12
Q
Cell wall
A
Protective layer outside the plasma membrane, composed of cellulose and chitin.
13
Q
Charophyta
A
The closest relatives of land plants, a type of green algae, support both nuclear and chloroplast genes.
14
Q
Chlamydomonas
A
A single-cell green alga WITHOUT
alternation of generations
15
Q
Chlorophyta
A
Green alga without alternation of generations
16
Q
Chloroplast
A
The organelle in plants and photosynthetic protists, that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and water.
17
Q
Cuticle
A
The waxy covering on stems and leaves that prevents desiccation.
18
Q
Cytosol
A
Semi-fluid of the cytoplasm.
19
Q
Diploid
A
Cell with two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. (2n)
20
Q
Embryo
A
The rudimentary plant, contained within the seed.
21
Q
Embryophyte
A
Alternate name for land plants, linking them to the trait of multicellular, dependant embryos.
22
Q
Gamete
A
Haploid reproductive cell i.e. egg or sperm
23
Q
Gametophyte
A
In organism with alternation of generations (plants), the multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis, later become sporophyte when united with with other haploid gamete.
24
Q
Glucose
A
A sugar
25
Granum (Grana)
Stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts. Function in the light reactions.
26
Green Alga(e)
A photosynthetic protist, paraphyletic group, closer related to land plants than other algae.
27
Haploid
Cell with one set of chromosomes. (n)
28
Homologous
Similar characteristics from shared ancestry.
29
Land plants
Consist of; cuticle, sporopollenin, multicellular, jacketed sex organs = “gametangia”, embryophyte conditions, alternation of generations.
Four groups we study: Mosses, ferns, conifers, angiosperms.
30
Life Cycle
Plants (land): Sporophyte -> meiosis -> spore -> Gametophyte -->sperm/egg -> fertilization -> sporophyte
31
Meiosis
Stage of division in which cells have half the number of chromosome sets as the original.
32
Monophyletic
Group with common ancestor and all its descendants.
33
Oxygen Revolution
When atmospheric oxygen increased as a result of plants.
34
Plantae
Kingdom of plants
35
Plasmodesma
Opening in the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells , allows water and solutes to pass between the cells.
36
Polysaccharide
Formed by dehydration reactions, composed of many monosaccharides.
37
Seed
Consisting of an embryo packaged with a store of food within a protective coat.
38
Spore
Plant or alga: a haploid cell produced in a sporophyte by meiosis. The spore can be divided by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell.
Fungi: haploid cell that produces mycelium after germination.
39
Sporophyte
The multicellular diploid produced from the union of gametes. Produces multicellular haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytes.
40
Sporopollenin
Durable polymer that covers exposed zygotes of charophyte algae and forms the walls of plants spores so they don't dry out.
41
Synapomorphy
unknown
42
Thylakoid
Flattened membranous sac in chloroplasts, stacks are called grana, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
43
Vacuole
Membrane bound vesicle whose function varies.
44
Zygote
Diplod cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization.
45
Bryophyta
Composed of bryophytes, a phylum of nonvascular plants comprising the true mosses and liverworts.
46
Carpel
ovule producing reproductive organ of a flower (stigma, style and ovary)
47
Cone
The more or less conical multiple fruit of the pine, fir, etc., consisting of overlapping or valvate scales bearing naked ovules or seeds.
48
Coniferophyta
Phylum consisting of the conifers, cone bearing plants.
49
Dispersal
The movement of gametes away from their parent location.
50
Fertilization
The union of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.
51
Gametangium
Multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed. (archegonia, antheridia)
52
Heterospory/ heterosporous
Plant species with two kinds of spores. (microspores = male gametophytes, megaspores = female gametophytes)
53
Homospory/ homosporous
Single spore type = bisexual gametophyte
54
Megagametophyte
the female gametophyte in seed plants.
55
Microgametophyte
the male gametophyte in seed plants.
56
Micropyle
A pore in the integuments of the ovule
57
Microsporocyte
Mother cells that produce microspores
58
Monoecy/ Monoecious
Having the stamens and the pistils in separate flowers on the same plant.
59
Ovule
The plant part that contains the embryo sac and hence the female germ cell, which after fertilization develops into a seed.
60
Pollen
Male gametophyte contained within a pollen wall.
61
Pollination
Transfer of pollen to the ovules within the archegonium.
62
Pterophyta
Phylum consisting of the ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns (and relatives)
63
Sexual Reproduction
Two parents produce offspring via gametes
64
Sorus
cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll.
65
Sporangium
Multicellular organ in fungi/plants where meiosis occurs to produce haploid cells.
66
Fruit
Mature ovary of a flower.
67
Hermaphrodite
Functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction.
68
Microfibril
A microtubule, microfilament, or other fine threadlike structure of a cell.
69
Megasporocyte
mother cell that produces megaspores.
70
Middle lamella
Thin layer of adhesive material, pectins, between the primary walls and young cells.
71
Monocotyledon, monocot
Flowering plants that have one seed leaf, or cotyledon.
72
Ovary
The portion of a carpel in which the ovules develop.
73
Pectin
carbohydrate with thickening and emulsifying properties and the ability to solidify to a gel.
74
Perennial
Having a life cycle lasting more than two years
75
Petal
Modified leaf, colourful used for attracting insects.
76
Pistil
Single or group of carpels.
77
Polar Nuclei
Either of two female haploid nuclei, in the embryo sac of flowers, that fuse to produce a diploid nucleus, which combines with a male nucleus to form the endosperm.
78
Sepal
modified leafs that enclose the petals.
79
Shoot apical meristem
The source of all above ground organ growth.
80
Annual Life Cycle
One year to complete cycle from germination to seed production.
81
Apical Meristem
Embryonic plant tissue at the tips of roots and buds of stems. enable it to grow in length.
82
Collenchyma
Flexible cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support the young parts of the plant without restraining growth.
83
Cortex
The ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or eudicot stem.
84
Endodermis
The inner most layer of the cortex, that surround the vascular cylinder.
85
Epidermis
A thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns.
86
Ground Meristem
An area of primary meristematic tissue, emerging from and immediately behind the apical meristem, that develops into the pith and the cortex.
87
Ground tissue
The tissue of a plant other than the epidermis, periderm (dermal) and vascular tissues, consisting primarily of parenchyma, and (in lesser amounts) of collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Cortex and pith are subtypes of ground tissue.
88
Growth ring
The annual ring of woody plants, diameter of cells is different, bigger at the beginning of the season compared to the end of the season.
89
Lateral Meristem
Thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. i.e vascular cambium and cork cambium.
90
Lignin
Provides structural support, hard material, in cell wall.
91
Meristem
Plant tissue that remains embryonic, as long as the plant lives, allows for indeterminate growth.
92
Parenchyma
cell that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores, organic products and develops into specific cell type.
93
Perennial
life cycle longer than two years
94
Pericycle
outer most layer in the vascular cylinder, from which lateral roots arise.
95
Pith
Ground tissue that forms in the vascular tissue in a stem; monocot root, parenchyma cellos form the central core of the vascular cylinder.
96
Primary Meristem
Primary tissue derived from an apical meristem.
97
Primary Phloem
Phloem derived directly from the growth of an apical meristem.
98
Primary Xylem
xylem derived directly from the growth of an apical meristem.
99
Procambium
the meristem from which vascular bundles are developed.
100
Protoderm
a thin outer layer of the meristem in embryos and growing points of roots and stems, which gives rise to the epidermis.
101
Root Apical Meristem
Generates two tissues simultaneously, the main root axis extending proximally towards the shoot, and the root cap pushing relentlessly forward into the soil, succumbing to sloughing and hence rapid turnover
102
Root Cap
A cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristems.
103
Root Hair
Extension of root epidermal cell, increase surface area for absorption.
104
Sclerenchyma
rigid support plant cell type, has thick secondary walls of lignin.
105
Sieve Element
in flowering plants the conducting elements in the phloem
106
Sieve-Tube Member
specialised type of elongated cell in the phloem tissue of flowering plants. The ends of these cells are connected with other sieve tube members, and together they constitute the sieve tube.
107
Suberin
a waxlike, fatty substance, occurring in cork cell walls and in or between other cells.
108
Tracheid
water conducting, cell in the xylem in nearly all vascular plants, functioning ones are no long living.
109
True Leaf
a foliage leaf of a plant, as opposed to a seed leaf or cotyledon.
110
Vascular Bundle
A longitudinal arrangement of strands of xylem and phloem, and sometimes cambium, that forms the fluid-conducting channels of vascular tissue in the rhizomes, stems, and leaf veins of vascular plants.
111
Vascular cambium
A cylinder of meristematic tissues in woody plants, that adds secondary layers known as secondary xylem and phloem.
112
Vascular tissue
plant tissue consisting of cells that transport water and nutrients.
113
Vessel
Continuous water conducting micro pipe in most angiosperms and some non flowering vascular plants.
114
vessel element
short and wide water conducting cell in the xylem; dead at maturity.
115
xylem
vascular plant cell tissue, consisting mainly of dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upwards from roots.
116
Zone of cell division
gives rise to the primary body of the plant.
117
Zone of elongation
The cells in this zone stretch and lengthen as small vacuoles within the cytoplasm fill with water , responsible for pushing the root cap and apical tip forward through the soil.
118
zone of maturation
elongation cells differentiate into tissues of the primary body, easily recognized by root hairs.
119
Bark
All tissue of external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of phloem and layers or periderm.
120
Cork
an outer tissue of bark produced by and exterior to the phellogen.
121
Cork Cambium
a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker tougher cork cells.
122
Fusiform
spindle-shaped; rounded and tapering from the middle toward each end, as some roots
123
Heartwood
the hard central wood of the trunk
124
Periderm
The protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium.
125
Phelloderm
a layer of parenchyma produced inwardly by the cork cambium; an inner secondary cortex of the cork cambium.
126
Ray initial
an isodiametric cell in the vascular cambium, produces elements of the ray system.
127
sapwood
the softer part of the wood between the inner bark and the heartwood.
128
secondary phloem
phloem derived from the cambium during secondary growth, moves sugar while the primary phloem does nothing.
129
secondary xylem
xylem derived from the cambium during secondary growth, moves water while primary xylem does nothing.
130
ADP
serves to transfer energy
131
ATP
energy
132
apoplast (pathway)
movement outside the cell
133
heterotroph
an organism requiring organic compounds for its principal source of food.
134
black smoker
produce sulphur bacterium, provide the necessary chemicals for plants to survive through chemiosmosis.
135
C3 photosynthesis
This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction:
CO2 + RuBP → (2) 3-phosphoglycerate. First steps in the Calvin Cycle.
136
C4 photosynthesis
Calvin cycle is proceeded by reactions that form a four carbon compound. The end product supplying CO2 for the calvin cycle.
137
CAM
Uses crassulacean acid metabolism, adaptation in photosynthesis for arid conditions. CO2 enters the stomata at night and is converted to organic acids which releases CO2 for the calvin cycle during the day while stomata are closed.
138
Casparian Strip
Water impermeable strip ring of wax in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele be way of cell walls.
139
Chemoautotroph
Organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source.
140
companion cell
Cell connected to sieve tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve adjacent sieve tube elements.
141
guard cell
two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulates its opening and closing.
142
hydrogen sulfide
a colorless, flammable, water-soluble, cumulatively poisonous gas.
143
hydrophilic
having a strong affinity for water.
144
mycorrhiza
A mutual association with plants roots and fungus.
145
NADH, NADPH, NAD+, NADP+
```
Nicotinamide dinucleotide
NAD+ = oxidized electron carrier
NADH = reduced state electron carrier.
Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate
NADP+ = electron accepter that as NADPH temporarily restores energized electrons produced during light reactions.
```
146
Osmosis
The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane.
147
oxidation-reduction reaction (redox)
the transfer of electrons between two species, gaining and losing electrons.
148
photophosphorylation
The production ATP using energy from the redox reaction of the electron train; third major stage of cellular respiration.
149
photorespiration
Metabolic pathway that uses ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and decreases photosynthesis.
occurs on hot dry days, when stomata close the O2/CO2 ratio in the leaf decrease favouring the binding of O2 rather than CO2 and rubisco.
150
pigment
any substance whose presence in the tissues or cells of r plants colors them.
151
Pit
Pits are parts of plant cell walls which allow the exchange of fluids. In the case of pressure changes in the cell lumen pit aspiration can occur.
152
Pressure potential
component of water potential that consist of the physical pressure in a solution, positive, zero, or negative.
153
rubisco
Rubisco biphosphate carboxylase , the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the calvin cycle. (addition of CO2 to rubisco)
154
second law thermodynamics
energy tends to move spontaneously from higher states to lower states; what life is all about, harnessing energy that makes you last i.e. reproduce, leave offspring.
155
solute potential
water potential; proportional to molarity of solution and measures the effect of solutes on the direction of water movement; osmotic potential; zero or negative.
156
source, sink
Source; produce photosynthates
| Sinks; where sugars are delivered in a plant, such as the roots, young shoots, and developing seeds.
157
stomate
any of various small apertures, especially one of the minute orifices or slits in the epidermis of leaves, stems, etc., through which gases are exchanged.
158
stroma
the matrix of a chloroplast, containing various molecules and ions.
159
sulfur bacterium
ability to utilize sulfur or inorganic sulfur compounds as an energy source.
160
symbiosis
the living together of two dissimilar organisms, as in mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, or parasitism. (mutualism)
161
symplast (pathway)
the continuous system of protoplasts, linked by plasmodesmata and bounded by the cell wall
162
tube worm
any of various marine worms that produce and inhabit a tube, some being adapted to a hydrothermal vent environment.
163
water potential
the physical property prediction the direction in which water will flow; governed by applied pressure and solute potential.
164
Dark Reactions
the phase of photosynthesis, not requiring light, in which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide.
165
ABA
f
166
abscisic acid
a growth-regulating plant hormone, C 15 H 20 O 4, that promotes dormancy and the aging and abscission of leaves.
167
auxin
a class of substances that in minute amounts regulate or modify the growth of plants, especially root formation, bud growth, and fruit and leaf drop.
168
cytokinin
any of a class of plant hormones, produced by the roots and traveling upward through the xylem, that promote tissue growth and budding and, on application, retard plant senescence.
169
hormone
Also called phytohormone. any of various plant compounds, as auxin or gibberellin, that control growth and differentiation of plant tissue.
170
ethylene
a colorless, flammable gas, C 2 H 4, having a sweet, unpleasant odor and taste, the first member of the ethylene series, usually obtained from petroleum and natural gas: used as an agent to improve the color of citrus fruits
171
herbivory
feeds on plants
172
IAA
ff
173
paristoid
the feeding by certain organism such as fungi on host tissues such that the host remains alive until the development is complete.
174
Ascomycota
a phylum of fungi (kingdom Fungi) characterized by a saclike structure, the ascus, which contains four to eight ascospores in the sexual stage
175
ascus
the sac in ascomycetes in which the sexual spores are formed.
176
basidiomycota
the basidiomycetes considered as belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota of the kingdom Fungi.
177
basidium
a special form of sporophore, characteristic of basidiomycetous fungi, on which the sexual spores are borne, usually at the tips of slender projections.
178
chitin
structural polysaccharide found in many fungal walls and exoskeleton of all anthropods.
179
chytridiomycota
a phylum of fungi distinguished by having zoospores (motile cells) with a single, posterior, whiplash structure (flagellum). Species are microscopic in size, and most are found in freshwater or wet soils. Most are parasites of algae and animals or live on organic debris (as saprobes). A few species in the order Chytridiales cause plant disease.
180
conidium
an asexual spore formed by abstriction at the top of a hyphal branch.
181
ergot, ergotism
a condition caused by eating rye or some other grain that is infected with ergot fungus or by taking an overdose of a medicine containing ergot, characterized by cramps, spasms, and a form of gangrene.
182
glomeromycota
Members of the Glomeromycota form arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) with the roots or thalli (e.g. in bryophytes) of land plants.
183
Haustorium
a projection from the hypha of a fungus into the organic matter from which it absorbs nutrients.
184
hypha
one of the threadlike elements of the mycelium.
185
karyogamy
the fusion of the nuclei of cells, as in fertilization.
186
leafcutter ant
cut pieces of leaves and use them as fertilizer for the fungus on which they feed
187
lichen
composed of a fungus in symbiotic union with an alga and having a greenish, gray, yellow, brown, or blackish thallus that grows in leaflike, crustlike, or branching forms on rocks, trees, etc.
188
LSD
a powerful psychedelic drug that produces temporary hallucinations and a schizophrenic psychotic state.
189
mutualism
a relationship between two species of organisms in which both benefit from the association.
190
mycelium
the mass of hyphae that form the vegetative part of a fungus.
191
plasmogamy
the fusion of the protoplasts of cells.
192
saprophyte
any organism that lives on dead organic matter, as certain fungi and bacteria.
193
septum
a dividing wall, membrane, or the like, in a plant or animal structure; dissepiment.
194
yeast
any of various small, single-celled fungi of the phylum Ascomycota that reproduce by fission or budding, the daughter cells often remaining attached, and that are capable of fermenting carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
195
zoospore
an asexual spore produced by certain algae and some fungi, capable of moving about by means of flagella.
196
Zygomycota
the zygomycetes considered as belonging to the phylum Zygomycota of the kingdom Fungi.
197
Zygotic meiosis
-->fusion of cytoplasm from two fungi
-->haploid nuclei from two individuals in the same body: can go on for sometime
-->Fuse nuclei to produce a zygote
-->Undergoes Meiosis
-->Spore
-->Germinates
Fungi have Zygotic Meiosis
