Plants and human population Flashcards
6.5 billion
2006 world population
7 991 298 932 individuals
world population as of august 2023
India, China, United States, Indonesia, and Pakistan
Top 5 most populated country
it is the study of plants, it involves their origin, diversity, structure, and internal processes of plants with other organism and nonliving physical environment
Botany
botanikos
botanical
botane
plant or herbal
boskein
to feed
botanique
botanical
botanical study of drugs, spices, and poisonous plant
pharmaceutical botany
it is an experimentation observation that describe the procedure on testing hypothesis
scientific method
it involves asking question, formulating hypothesis, conducting experiment, and developing theory
scientific method
it involves verifying and discarding information
scientific procedure
system of classification of plant
taxonomy
to know where the information come from and if it is trusted
source on information
only tangible things can be studied
phenomena that can be studied
tentative, unproven explanation or educated guess
hypothesis
factor that influence the question
variables
something you can change or alter during an experimentation
variables
something you compare
control
set up that are identical to the rest of the set up except to the variable being studied
control
formation of useful organization
principle
bits of information
data
group of generalization that help us understand something
theory
widely accepted explanation that is supported by large body of experimentation and observation
theory
believed as the first plant
algae
group of green algae
charophytes
example is mosses
bryophytes
early vascular plant
seedless vascular plant
first seed plant
gymnosperms
radiation of flowering plants
angiosperms
advantage or not
do not need adaptation in absorbing, transporting, and conserving water
advantage on adaptation to water
advantage or not
they can also serve energy and matter by not extensively growing root systems, vascular tissues, and thick cuticles on leaves
advantage on adaptation to water
advantage or not
support is less a problem because of the buoyancy of water
advantage on adaptation to water
advantage or not
pollination in air and animals are feasible under water
disadvantage on adaptation to water
plants that are adapted to very dry environment
xerophytes
adaptation help increase their water intake, decrease loss of water and store water when it is available
xerophytes
plants that grow on other plants
epiphytes
they use the moisture in air to produce food by photosynthesis
epiphytes
have a high chance of survival
epiphytes
the study of organism in their environment
ecology
occurs when toxic, pesticides, septic tanks, and fertilizer wash over or leash into the surface of water
waste contamination
was considered as wasteland
wetland
they are once drained but are now increasingly protected because of they provide various services
wetland
branch of science devoted to the mitigation of environmental damage
restoration ecology
study or renewing destroyed, degraded, and damaged ecosystem
restoration ecology
discovered by John Albert and William Jordan in 1980’s
restoration ecology
Cassia alata
Akapulko
also known as ringworm bush, used in eliminating ringworm and fungal infections
Akapulko
Momordica charantia
ampalaya
also known as bitter gourd or bittermelon, known in treating diabetes
ampalaya
Allium sativum
bawang
also known as garlic, used in reducing cholesterol and helps control blood pressure
bawang
also known as guava, used as antiseptic
bayabas
Psidium guavaja
bayabas
Vitex negundo
lagundi
also known as 5 leaves chaste tree, used in cough and asthma
lagundi
Quisqualis indica L
niyog niyogan
also known as Chinese honey suckle, effective in eliminating intestinal worms
niyog niyogan
Blumea balsamifera
sambong
Carmona retusa/ enretia microphylla lam
tsaang gubat
also known as Blumea champora, help in the excretion of urinary stones and indication of edema
sambong
peperomia pelludica
ulasimang bato/ pansit pansitan
prepared like a tea, effective in treating intestinal motility
tsaang gubat
used in treating gout and arthritis
ulasimang bato/ pansit pansitan
mentha cordifelia
yerba buena
also known as peppermint, used as analgesic to relieve body pain and aches
yerba buena
body reacts to stress
sympathetic
rest and digest, slows down heartbeat and blood pressure
apathetic
lower blood pressure
antihypertensive
parasympatholethic
dilate the pupil
study of internal structure of plants
plant anatomy
discovered various tissues in stems and roots
Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694)
describe the structure of wood more precisely than any of his predecessors
Nehemiah Grew (1628-1711)
deals with determining the past climates by examining the width and other features of tree rings
dendrachronolgy
study of plant functions
plant physiology
demonstrate that plants do not have the same nutritional needs as animals
J.B van Helmont (1577-1644)
established by J.B van Helmont (1577-1644)
plant physiology
deals with the description, naming and classification of plants
plant taxonomy
science of developing methods for grouping organisms, boarder the taxonomy.
involves the evolutionary relationships among different plant groups
plant systematic
formed the system of naming and classification
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
study of how and why plants are distributed where they are. it was founded in the 19th century
plant geography
study of plant interaction with another and with their environment
plant ecology
study of the form and structure of plant
plat morphology
science of heredity
genetics
branches of genetics
plant breeding
genetic engineering
genomics
founded by Austrian monk, Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) who performed classic experiments with pea plants
genetics
improved the quality and the yield of crop plants
plant breeding
transfer of genes from one organism to another. used to control plant, human, and animal disease
genetic engineering
it focuses on their genes and functions
genomics
study of chemical interaction within plants
plant biochemistry
focuses on the practical uses of plants and plant products. plant with commercial important
economic botany and ethnobotany
science of cell structure and function
cell biology/ plant cell biology
study the structures and functions of important biological structure such as proteins and nucleic acid
plant molecular biology
study of bacteria
bacteriology
study of fungi
mycology
study of mosses and liverworts
bryocology
study of algae
phycology
study of ferns
pteridology
study of fossil plants
paleobotany
study of modern and fossil plants and spores
palynology
deals with the diseases of plants economic
plant pathology
study of animal
zoology
discover the cell in 1665 by examining the cork found in the stopper of wine
Robert Hooke
reported 50 years on the organization of cells in a variety of plant tissues. they also reported on the form and structure of single-celled organisms called as animalcules
Marcelo Milpighi, Aton van Leeuwenhoek and Nehemiah Grew
French biologist “no body can have a life if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue”
Jean Baptist de Lamarck (1809)
reinforce Lamarck’s conclusions that all animal and plant tissues are composed of cells of various kinds
Rene J H. Dutrochet (1824)
discovered that all cell are made up of nucleus
Robert Brown (1831)
German botanist that observed a smaller body in the nucleus that he called “nucleolus”
Matthias Schleiden
states that all organisms are composed of cells and cells have an unifying structural basis of organizations
cell theory
they developed the cell theory
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
states the cell is the basic unit of life and all cell is made of preexisting cell
cell theory
discovered that all cells come from preexisting cell and that their are no spontaneous generation of cells
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
proved Virchow’s claim on spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur (1862)
pointed out that since cells come from preexisting cells, all cells in existence today trace their origins back to ancient times
August Weismann (1880)
proved that natural alcoholic fermentation always involves the activity of yeast cell
Louis Pasteur (1871)
discovered that yeast cells did not need to be alive for fermentation to occur which leads to the discovery of catalyst
Eduard Buchner (1897)
eu means
well or good
karyon means
nucleus
membrane bound nucleus
eukaryotic cells
pro means
before
DNA, multiple molecules of double-stranded linear DNA
Eukaryotic cell
no membrane bound nucleus
prokaryotic cells
animal cell ix approximately ____ mcm
10-30 mcm
DNA, double stranded and circular
plant cell approximately ___ mcm
10-100 mcm
consist of all living components of a cell which have a cell wall surrounding it
protoplasm
membrane where living components are bounded
plasma membrane
consist of all cellular components between the plasma membrane and nucleus
cytoplasm
breakdown glucose in to energy
cellular respiration
souplike fluid in the cytoplasm in which organelles are dispersed
cytosol
it is the first structure discovered by Hooke
cell wall
persistent structure of various shape and sizes with specialized functions in the cell
organelles
form a thin layer on the surfaces of all plant organs, often have unusual shapes and sizes
epidermal cells
found beneath the epidermis of leaves are specialized for their function of photosynthesis
thin-walled cell
most abundant polymer on the earth
cellulose
help transport water without collapsing
thick-walled cell
main structural component of a cell well
cellulose
gluelike substance that hold cellulose fibrils together
hemicellulose
organic materials that gives stiffness to fruit jellies
pectin
proteins that have sugar associated with their molecules
glycoproteins
consist of layer of pectin, is the first produced when new cell walls are formed
middle lamella
consisting of fine network cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and glycoprotein is laid down on either side of the middle lamella
primary cell wall
derived from primary walls by thickening and inclusion of lignin, a complex polymer
secondary walls
tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between the cells through minute opening
plamodesmata
a complex polymer
lignin
elongate cells, for support and tensile strength
collenchyma cells
where the translocation of sugars, amino acids, ions and other substances occurs
plasmodesmata
found in leaves and aid in photosynthesis and stores starch
parenchyma cell
transport water
xylem cells
hard cells, main supporting cells in the areas of the plant that ceased growing, dead cells having extremely thick cell walls
sclerenchyma cells
transport nutrients that were made during photosynthesis
phloem cells
information is stored
nucleus
act as a barrier in the passage of material into and out of the cell
plasma membrane
plasma membrane involved in the production and assembly of cellulose for cell wall
plasma membrane
composed of phospholipids
plasma membranes
hydrophilic head
water loving
hydrophobic tail
water fearing
contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell
nucleus
contributes to the growth, differentiation, myriad activities of the complex cell factory
nuclear formation
separates the nucleus from all the other organelles. contains nuclear spores lined with protein molecules
nuclear envelope
threadlike materials composed of protein and DNA
chromatin
passageway through the nuclear envelope
nuclear spores
a granular appearing fluid, the interior of the nucleus that contains the DNA, which is associated with certain protein molecules to form chromatin
nucleoplasm
by-product when chromatin in cell division coils and thickens
chromosomes
involves in making and assembling the subunits of ribosomes
nucleoli
converts light energy to chemical energy
chloroplast
group of membrane-bounded organelles occurring in photosynthesis eukaryotic cells
plastids
a plastid that have a photosynthetic function and occur in certain leaf and stem cells
chloroplast
a molecule with a vital role of absorbing light energy
chlorophyll
located at the interior of chloroplast, thin, flat circular plates
thylakoid
stack of thylakoid
granum
jelly-like fluid which contains enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions of photosynthesis
stroma
colorless plastids that form and store starch, oils, and proteins, also includes amyloplasts and elaioplats
leucoplast
synthesize straches
amyloplasts
synthesize oil
elaioplasts
developed through changes that include their disappearance of chlorophyll
chromoplasts
synthesize chlorophyll and act like a chloroplasts when exposed to light
leucoplasts
contains pigments that provide yellow, orange and some red due to carotenoids
chromoplasts
a small pale green or colorless organelles having roughly the size and form of mitochondria
proplastids
synthesize ATP
mitochondria
where the energy is released from organic molecules by the process of cellular respiration
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
appear as tiny rods
mitochondria
folds that are found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
cristae
it is where some of the enzyme for cellular respiration is being arranged
cristae
fluid inside the inner mitochondria membrane. contains DNA, RNA, chromosomes, proteins, and dissolved substances
matrix
site of protein synthesis
ribosome
ellipsoidal in shape
ribosome
composed of 2 subunit that are composed of RNA and proteins
ribosome
most found freely in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
organelle composed of an interconnected network of internal membranes within eukaryotic cells
endoplasmic reticulum
facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials
endoplasmic reticulum
major manufacturing center of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
lipid synthesis
smooth er
does not have ribosomes
smooth er
synthesis secretion or storage of protein
rough er
have ribosomes
rough er
composed of flattened membranous sacs that modifies, packages, and sort proteins that will be secreted to the plasma membrane or other organelles
golgi apparatus
also known as dictyosome
golgi apparatus
post offices of the cells
golgi apparatus
involved in the modification of carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesize and packaged in er
golgi apparatus
factory for processing and packaging of proteins and polysaccharides.
golgi apparatus
fluid membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm that contains a solution of salts, ions, pigments and other materials
vacuoles
latin word vacuum
vacuoles
tiny, blister-like bodies, sac that contains cellular products
vesicles
helps maintain cells’ shape and making it turgid
vacuoles
present in many types of cells but are common in the plant cells and the cells of certain protis
vacuoles
cell that is swollen or firm due to water uptake
turgid cell
serves as a temporary storage area for calcium ions
vacuoles
Water-soluble pigments which are blue, purple, or red pigments that are responsible for the color of the flowers are
anthocyanins
maintenance of the cell pressure and ph
vacuoles
storage of numerous cell metabolites and waste product
vacuoles
watery fluid inside the vacuole helps maintain pressures within the cell and contains dissolved substances such as salts, sugars, organic acids, and small quantities of soluble proteins.
cell sap
