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Level 3 Biology > Plants and Animals Definitions > Flashcards

Plants and Animals Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Innate

A

Coded for in the genes.

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2
Q

Learned behaviour

A

behaviour because of experience, either taught or ‘picked up’.

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3
Q

Taxis (A)

A

A directional innate response of an animal or a cell, towards or away from a stimulus.

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4
Q

Kinesis (A)

A

An innate, non-directional change in movement in response to a change in intensity of a stimulus.

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5
Q

Tropism (P)

A

An innate, slow growth response of a part of a plant, towards or away from a stimulus.

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6
Q

Nasty (P)

A

An innate, non-directional rapid movement of part of a plant in response to intensity of a stimulus.

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7
Q

Light

A

Photo

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8
Q

Temperature

A

Thermo

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9
Q

Water/Humidity

A

Hydro

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10
Q

Touch

A

Thigmo/Hapto

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11
Q

Gravity

A

Gravi/Geo

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12
Q

Current

A

Rheo

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13
Q

Chemicals

A

Chemo

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14
Q

Auxin

A

The chemical which causes tropisms. Promotes cell elongation.

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15
Q

Homing

A

The ability of an animal to find its way back to nest/den over unfamiliar territory.

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16
Q

Migration

A

Mass movement of a species to a location distant from the original location in anticipation of future change. A true migration involves a return journey.

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17
Q

Navigation

A

The ability of many animals to find their way accurately without maps or instruments.

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18
Q

Solar Compass

A

Using the position of the sun in the sky (animals also have an internal timing mechanism to use this). Often polaroid light is used so even in clouds this is reliable.

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19
Q

Stellar Compass

A

Using the position of the stars/constellations in the sky (and internal timing mechanism). Used at night.

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20
Q

Magnetic Compass

A

Using the magnetic field of the earth. Birds have a magnetic compound in their head (magnetite) which allows them to orientate themselves.

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21
Q

Land marks

A

eg. trees, if they haven’t travelled that way before.

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22
Q

Biological Clock

A

The animal has an endogenous rhythm.

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23
Q

Endogenous

A

Internal timing mechanism located within the animal. Does not rely on environmental cues.

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24
Q

Exogenous

A

External, the timing of the animal is reliant on environmental cues eg. sunrise, decreased temperature.

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25
Q

Free Running Period

A

The amount of time an organisms biological clock runs for in the absence of environmental cues. Only an endogenous rhythm will show a free running period - the exact time when an animal is on it’s own biological clock.

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26
Q

Zeitgeber

A

Environmental cue which resets (entrains) a rhythm, usually sunrise or sunset.

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27
Q

Benefits of having an endogenous rhythm

S.A.P

A

S ~ synchronise with each other - safety in numbers, more likely to mate.

A ~ anticipate future change - eg. weather or darkness.

P ~ prepare - be ready for those conditions.

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28
Q

What might an animal prepare for - Timing Question.

A

H ~ Hibernation - laying down fat, growing a think coat.

A ~ Activity - making the right proteins.

M ~ Migration - eating lots, growing new feathers.

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29
Q

Circadian

A

One day.

30
Q

Circatidal

A

Once a high tide.

31
Q

Circalunar

A

Once a month.

32
Q

Circa-annual

A

Once a year - seasonal.

33
Q

Circa-semi-annual

A

Every six months.

34
Q

Diurnal

A

Active during daytime.

35
Q

Nocturnal

A

Active at night.

36
Q

Crepuscular

A

Active at dawn and dusk.

37
Q

Phase Shift

A

A shift in the start point of the activity of an organism due to the organism being entrained to a new regime of environmental cues

38
Q

Photoperiod

A

Relative length of light and dark in a 24 hour period.

Number of hours of daylight in a 24 hour period.

39
Q

Photoperiodism

A

Using the photoperiod to inform a plant when to do something.

40
Q

Short Day Plant

A

Short day plants flower when photoperiod (day length) decreases to a certain length - their critical day length. Means they flower in autumn or winter.

41
Q

Long Day Plant

A

Long day plants flower when photoperiod increases to a certain length, their critical day length. They flower in spring or summer.

42
Q

Phytochrome

A

A photoreceptor that exists in two forms - phytochrome red and phytochrome far red.

Daylight rapidly converts Pr to Pfr. Night time allows Pfr to slowly revert back to Pr. So a plant can use its ratio of Pr to Pfr to inform it of photoperiod (day length).

43
Q

Mutualism

A

Both species benefit from the relationship.
+/+

eg. pollinator/plant

44
Q

Exploitation

A

+/- One species benefits which the other one doesn’t.

45
Q

Interspecific relationship

A

Interactions between members of the different species.

46
Q

Predation

A

Predator is advantaged by hunting/killing/eating it’s prey. Prey is dead so harmed.

47
Q

Herbivory

A

Herbivore benefits by eating a plant. The plant is disadvantaged by losing nutrients and have less leaves to photosynthesise. Herbivores can be grazers if they bend to eat grass or browsers if they eat bushes/trees.

48
Q

Parasitism

Ectoparasites

Endoparasites

A

Parasite benefit (+) by living on/in a host (-). The host is harmed (usually not killed) by loss of nutrients or worse.

Ectoparasites live on the outside of the host.

Endoparasites live on the inside of the host.

49
Q

Brood parasitism

A

Where one bird (the brood parasite) lays its egg in another birds nest.

50
Q

Commensalism

A

One species is advantaged by the interaction which the other is seemingly unaffected (+/o).

51
Q

Antibiosis

A

Fungus produces a chemical which doesn’t affect it, while inhibiting the growth of bacteria (o/-).

52
Q

Allelopathy

A

One plant makes and secretes a chemical which inhibits the growth of another plant (o/-).

53
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

When two different species compete for/fight for/require the same resources (usually food, space, sunlight if plants). Negatively impacts both because even though one will likely outcompete the other both will receive less and possibly will both be harmed (-/-).

54
Q

Intraspecific Relationship

A

Relationships between members of the same species.

55
Q

Advantages of living in a group.

A
  • safety in numbers.
  • easier to find a mate.
  • can cooperatively hunt.
  • more likely to get food.
  • young can learn from many.
56
Q

Disadvantages of living in a group.

A
  • spread of disease.
  • may make more noise or be more visible to predators.
  • Intraspecific competition for resources leading to fighting, aggression, injury, death.
57
Q

Agonistic behaviour

A

Conflict situations between members of the same species.

58
Q

Ritualised aggression

A

Demonstrations of strength which are almost ‘play fighting’ - determining who would win without actually fighting.

59
Q

Hierarchy

A

Ranking orders of dominance. The more dominant individual receives more of the resources, first choice of food, mates. More submissive animals lower in rank receive less, if any at all.

Advantage - Although hierarchies take energy and needs trials of strength to establish, once established there is much less aggression as all know their rank. Hierarchies provide a natural selection element as higher ranked individuals are more likely to pass on alleles - the gene pool is strengthened.

60
Q

Territory

A

An area that is actively defended by an individual, breeding pair, group.

61
Q

Territorial behaviour

A

Marking and defending a territory. They will mark their territory with urine, scent or dung. They will defend it from members of their own and other species.

62
Q

Home range

A

Larger areas around a territory that an animal spends time in, looking or food or mates. It is NOT DEFENDED.

63
Q

Pair Bond

A

A male and female remain together, perhaps for a breeding season and perhaps for longer. A pair bond increases safety for the young.

64
Q

K strategy

A
  • very few young.
  • lots of energy invested in their parental
    care.
  • so high survival of young, opportunities to
    learn.
  • parents delay reproducing again.
65
Q

R strategy

A
  • many many young.
  • little or no parental care.
  • many die but the strongest/fittest survive.
  • parents can immediately mate again.
66
Q

Altruistic behaviour

A

Animals help unrelated members of its own species.

67
Q

Kin selection

A

Closely related individuals help young. Although the young are not their own - by assisting in their survival ‘some’ of their alleles are remaining in the gene pool.

68
Q

What causes a nastic movement?

A

Caused by rapid changes in tugor pressure - rapid movement of water in or out of cells.

69
Q

What causes a tropism?

A

Auxin

70
Q

Intraspecific Competition

A

When members of the same species compete for resources.

Level 3 Biology (4 decks)

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