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Plants and Animal responses > plants and animals > Flashcards

plants and animals Flashcards

learn these terms to at least pass

1
Q

innate behaviour

A

behaviours inherited in DNA, not learnt from others in species and not modified by experience

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2
Q

abiotic

A

non living factors (minerals, rocks, etc)

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3
Q

biotic

A

living factors (animals

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4
Q

learned behaviour

A

behaviours learnt through observations, capable of modification and behaviours can be improved from experiences

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5
Q

What do animals need to have to survive?

A 
reduce competition
avoid predation
mating
environment (shelter)
nutrients (food and water)
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6
Q

taxis

A

is the movement of an organism towards or away from an external stimulus- a directional response (can be positive or negative)

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7
Q

Light prefix

A

photo-

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8
Q

temperature prefix

A

thermo-

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9
Q

gravity prefix

A

gravi- or geo-

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10
Q

chemicals prefix

A

chemo-

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11
Q

touch prefix

A

thigmo-

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12
Q

water prefix

A

hydro-

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13
Q

current prefix

A

rheo-

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14
Q

food prefix

A

tropho-

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15
Q

Kinesis

A

random movement in response to a stimulus (no negative of positive movement)

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16
Q

Orthokinesis

A

stimulus intensity affects the speed of movement (faster in unfavourable conditions, slower in favourable)

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17
Q

klinokinesis

A

stimulus intensity affects the rate of turning (higher rate in unfavourable, less in favourable.

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18
Q

homing

A

the ability of an animal to return over unfamiliar territory to its home (nest, roosting site)

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19
Q

navigation

A

an innate behaviour animals use to find their way home over unfamiliar terrain

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20
Q

landmarks

A

animals recognize familiar terrain and objects to find their way (coast lines, islands, mountain ranges)

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21
Q

solar navigation (sun compass)

A

the use of the sun as a tool to navigate journeys. animals must compensate for the movement of the sun (and the change of angles) by using a biological clock to help change their orientation

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22
Q

stellar navigation (star compass)

A

animals use star constellations and celestial poles to navigate during the night. stars move so animals must use a biological clock to help with orientation.

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23
Q

magnetic fields (magnetic compass)

A

animals use the earth’s magnetic field lines to navigate

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24
Q

chemical navigation

A

use smells or scent trails to find their way

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25
Q

sonar navigation

A

emitting sound waves which bounce back from an object. the speed of the “bounce back” allows the animal to position itself in relation to the object.

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26
Q

migration

A

the mass movement from one geographic location to another. usually on a seasonal basis and to a predetermined location

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27
Q

how animals prepare for migration

A
  • putting on fat layers (energy supplies)

- moulting of feathers and replacing new ones

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28
Q

advantages to migration

A
  • migrate to more favourable climate
    -migrate to more abundant food source
    -constant food source
    -can have more offspring
    -greater genetic mixing
    animals move between favourable locations and avoid harsh conditions, enables higher survival rate of young
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29
Q

disadvantages to migration

A
  • travel large distances
  • massive expenditure of energy
  • conditions on route may be harsh
  • increased predation on route
30
Q

external migration cues

A
  • photoperiod (long days in summer/short days in winter)
  • shifting seasons (temperature changes, precipitation levels)
  • food/ water availability (lack of food/water)
31
Q

Internal migration cues

A
  • circadian rhythms (internal calendar in animal nervous system)
  • fat reserves
  • sexual maturity (hormones may trigger innate desire to migrate)
32
Q

daily rhythms

A

linked to day- night cycle

33
Q

nocturnal

A

animals active at night

34
Q

diurnal

A

animals active during the day

35
Q

crepuscular

A

active during dusk and dawn

36
Q

circannual rhythms

A

rhythms associated with the effects of the earth orbiting the sun, which causes seasonal changes and changes to photoperiods

37
Q

circatidal rhythms

A

rhythms caused by the gravitational pull of the moon (twice a day)

38
Q

circasemilunar rhythms

A

associated with the moon orbiting the earth, happens twice a month (new moon and full moon)

39
Q

endogenous rhythms

A

internally driven and use an internal clock independent of changes in external environment (note: setting of clock is adjusted by environmental changes)

40
Q

exogenous rhythms

A

externally driven, caused by environment factors

41
Q

zeitgeber

A

using various environmental cues to set an organisms biological clock

42
Q

free-running

A

when a rhythm continues in constant environmental conditions (remains unaffected by external cues

43
Q

actogram

A

a type of graph or chart commonly used in circadian research to plot activity (present or absent) against time

44
Q

photoperiodism

A

the regulation of seasonal activity by day length

45
Q

tropism

A

long term, slow growth of plant towards/away from stimuli (positive and negative)

46
Q

nastic responses

A

rapid, reversible movements in plants that involve changes in cell turgor pressure. direction of nastic response is independent to the direction of the stimulus. rate of nastic response is proportional to intensity of stimulus

47
Q

abscisic acid (ABA)

A

hormone that promotes seed dormancy and inhibits growth in plants

48
Q

gibberellin (GA)

A

hormone that breaks dormancy and initiate germination

49
Q

ethylene

A

stimulates ripening of fruit and initiates the falling of fruits and leaves

50
Q

cytokinins

A

hormone that stimulates cell division and growth

51
Q

auxins (IAA)

A

hormone that promotes cell elongation and differntiation. found in areas of growth in plants (tips and roots)

52
Q

vernalisation

A

promotion of flowering by chilling

53
Q

commensualism

A

a relationship between two species in which one species benefits and the other is not unaffected

54
Q

interspecific relationships

A

a relationship between members of different species

55
Q

mutualism

A

a relationship between two species where both benefit , to the extent that reproductive fitness is increased

56
Q

exploitation

A

a relationship between members of two species in which one benefits and the other is harmed (includes: herbivory, parasitism and predation)

57
Q

herbivory

A

an animal that eats parts of, or the whole plant. The herbivore benefits and the plant is harmed

58
Q

parasitism

A

a parasite lives on and feeds off another living organism (brood parasites, ectoparasites, endoparasites, parasitism in plants)

59
Q

predation

A

a carnivore which hunts, kills and eats another animal

60
Q

prey defences

A
  • living in groups
  • greater vigilance (early warning for quick escape)
  • dilution effect
  • confusion effect
  • concealment of young by adults
  • mimicry
61
Q

stratification

A

formation of layers

62
Q

zonation

A

division of a community into distinct zone based gradients eg altitude

63
Q

intraspecific

A

relationships among organisms of the same species (same niche= competing for same resources)

64
Q

territory

A

an area of space occupied by an animal and defended against others

65
Q

home range

A

an area that an animal ranges over but does not defend, sometime uses resources in this space that territory doesn’t have

66
Q

K-strategist

A

reproductive effort devoted raising a few, cared for offspring

67
Q

R-strategist

A

reproductive effort devoted to producing large numbers of (un-cared for) offspring

68
Q

courtship

A

a succession of signals that are exchanged between male and female, and which accumulates in mating (visual, touch, chemical, vocal)

69
Q

monogomy

A

enduring relationship that lasts longer than mating

70
Q

polygyny

A

males mating with more than one female in one season, male is not involved with off-spring

71
Q

polygynandry (co-operative breeding)

A

offspring are raised by several adults (who havent bred together)

Plants and Animal responses (1 decks)

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