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Level 3 Biology > Plants and animals > Flashcards

Plants and animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Tropisms

A

Growth response of a plant towards (positive) or away (negative) from a stimulus coming from one direction.

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2
Q

Auxin (IAA)

A

A plant growth hormone which controls tropisms and causes cell elongation in the stem leading to directional growth.

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3
Q

Phototropism

A

Directional growth response of a plant towards or away from a light source coming from one direction.

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4
Q

Geotropism (gravitropism)

A

Directional growth response of a plant towards or away from a gravitational force coming from one direction.

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5
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Directional growth response that causes the plant to bend towards or away from touching/coiling a stimulus coming from one direction.

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6
Q

Hydrotropism

A

Directional growth response of a plant towards or away from water coming from one direction.

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7
Q

Chemotropism

A

Directional growth response of a plant towards or away from certain chemicals coming from one direction.

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8
Q

Nastic response

A

The movement of a plant in response to non-directional stimulus.

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9
Q

Photonasty

A

The non-directional movement of plants in response to light.

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10
Q

Nyctinasty

A

The circadian rhythmic, nastic movement of higher plants in response to the onset of darkness.

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11
Q

Thermonasty

A

Nastic movement of plants in response to changes in the temperature.

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12
Q

Thigmonasty

A

The non-directional movement of plants in response to touch.

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13
Q

Taxis

A

Movement of the whole animal towards (positive) or away (negative) from a directional stimulus.

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14
Q

Klinotaxis

A

Animal moves directly towards or away from a stimulus by moving it s body side to side to detect the source of the stimulus.

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15
Q

Tropotaxis

A

Animal move directly towards or away from a stimulus without moving its body side to side.

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16
Q

Phototaxis

A

Movement of the while animal towards or away from a light source.

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17
Q

Geotaxis

A

Movement of the whole animal towards or away from gravity.

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18
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of the while animal towards or away from a chemical source.

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19
Q

Thermotaxis

A

Movement of the while animal towards or away from a directional heat source.

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20
Q

Kinesis

A

Change in the rate of movement of the whole organism in response to change in intensity of a non-directional stimulus.

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21
Q

Klinokinesis

A

Stimulus intensity governs the rate/amount of random turning.

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22
Q

Orthokinesis

A

Stimulus intensity governs the speed of movement.

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23
Q

Biological clock

A

An internal timing system, which continues without external time cues and controls the timing of activities of plants and animals.

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24
Q

Period of the rhythm

A

The time it takes to complete one cycle of activity. So the time from the start of the activity, until the activity starts again.

25
Q

Zeitgeber

A

The environmental cue that resets the biological clock. e.g. Changes at dawn or dusk/ the onset of darkness.

26
Q

Entrainment

A

The resetting of the biological clock on a regular basis, by external environmental cues, forces the internal clock to coincide with the period/rhythm of the external environment.

27
Q

Free running period (FRP)

A

The timing of the biological rhythm/clock, when there are no cue s from the environment, so it ‘runs free; from any entrainment.

28
Q

Exogenous

A

Are externally driven rhythms that respond directly to external environmental curs, detected by the organism (NOT internally driven by a internal biological clock).

29
Q

Endogenous

A

Rhythms that are driven by internal biological clocks. They continue in the absence of environmental cues (independently of the external environment), but not the period/’setting’ of the clock is usually adjusted by external environmental changes.

30
Q

Phase shift

A

When the onset of the period of the rhythm is changes either earlier of later.

31
Q

Phase delay

A

The onset of the activity is delayed.

32
Q

Phase advance

A

The onset of the activity is advanced.

33
Q

Circa

A

When the period of an endogenous biological rhythm is not exactly the same as the environmental rhythm.

34
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A rhythm that follows an approximate 24 hour cycle.

35
Q

Circalunar rhythm

A

A rhythm that follows an approximate lunar cycle of 29.5 days.

36
Q

Circannual rhythm

A

A rhythm that follows an approximate yearly cycle of 365 days.

37
Q

Nocturnal

A

Night active.

38
Q

Diurnal

A

Day active.

39
Q

Crepuscular

A

Most active at dawn and dusk.

40
Q

Photoperiodism

A

The regulation of seasonal activity by day length.

41
Q

Actogram

A

An activity graph that shows when an organism is active and inactive (not asleep or awake).

42
Q

Actogram-LL

A

Constant light

43
Q

Actogram-DD

A

Constant darkness

44
Q

Actogram-LD

A

Natural light cycles

45
Q

Actogram-LD 12:12

A

Light cycle of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark

46
Q

Homing

A

The ability of an animal to find its way home over unfamiliar territory.

47
Q

Migration

A

The annual or seasonal mass movement of a population from their breeding area to another area that has a good food supply and optimum temperatures.
True migration also involves a return trip.
Note: The cue for migration is most likely day length (photoperiod).

48
Q

Visual cues

A

Used by animals to guide and navigate their journey (e.g. landmarks, coastlines, mountain ranges).

49
Q

Stellar navigation

A

When animals use the position of the stars to determine the direction to travel on their migration journey.

50
Q

Magnetic navigation

A

When animals use the magnetic fields that surround the Earth to determine the direction to travel on their migration journey.

51
Q

Solar navigation

A

When animals use the position of the sun to determine the direction to travel on their migration journey.

52
Q

Chemical navigation

A

When animals use scents or scent trails to determine the directional to travel on their migration journey.

53
Q

Short-day plants (SDP)

A

A plant whereby flowering is induced when the period of darkness at night is longer than the critical day length.

54
Q

Long day plants (LDP)

A

A plant whereby flowering is induced when the period of darkness at night is shorter than the critical day length.

55
Q

Critical day length (CDL)

A

The photoperiod above which long day plants flower and below which the short day plant flower.

56
Q

Phytochrome

A

A pigment found in most plants, that allows plants to detect the photoperiod. Pfr is the active form while Pr is the inactive form.
Note: High concentrations of Pfr promote flowering in long day plants, but inhibits flowering in short day plants and vise versa.

57
Q

Adaptive advantage

A

The survival of a behavior or response in an organism’s ecological niche.

58
Q

Mechanism of nastic response

A

Occurs due to changes in turgor pressure in specialized cells call pulvini at the joints of the leaf or petal.

A stimulus causes the specialized cells (pulvini) to pump out potassium ions causing them to lose turgor pressure becoming flaccid leading to leaves/petals collapsing at their joints.

Level 3 Biology (3 decks)

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