Plants And Animal Repsonses

Question 1

Constant bio clock

Answer 1

Meaning that the graph stays the same under a constant condition this results in organisms being free running.

Question 2

Different clocks

Answer 2

Circadian- 24hours
Circannual - year

Question 3

Adaptive advantages of bio clocks

Answer 3

The animal knows what time it is and it can save energy as they don’t have to go check if it’s light.

It allows the organism to prepare for active period,

Question 4

Intraspecific relationships

Answer 4

Individuals of the same species and have similar needs this leads to competition e.g mating, nesting sites food and space

Question 5

Territories

Answer 5

Many animals live in a home range which provides all resources needed for survival, this isn’t defended but there territory is. Defending territories can lead to injury and death. They also have to be maintained which takes energy and reduces fitness.

Question 6

Advantages of territory’s

Answer 6

Provides a safe space to court, mate and rear young
Provides enough food for them to survive and breed successfully
Animals can become familiar with area so don’t need to waste energy
Higher status individuals will have a bigger and better territory. Weaker males are less likely to have a good territory thus less likely to find and attract mate thus won’t produce offspring

Question 7

Parental care

Answer 7

This can offer teaching, protection and feeding of young and bring them safely to ages where they can fend for themselves.

Question 8

Advantages and disadvantages of parental care

Answer 8

Having fewer offspring parents can focus on all protection, learning and feeding into fewer individuals. There will be more time and energy for this compared to many offspring.
If there is no parental care there would be a decrease in offspring survival and they wouldn’t be able to gather food or protect themselves

Question 9

Migration

Answer 9

Regular repeated movement of a species from breeding site to another area and back
Carried out because of
Finding suitable breeding areas
Better protection from predators
Avoid extremes in climate
Genetically controlled by endogenous biological clock intimated by the environment best being length of days, also rain fall and temp and lack of food

Question 10

Advantages and disadvantages

Answer 10

They remain in favourable conditions
Parents and offspring grow larger and higher chance of survival rate.
Constant supply of food

Could be eaten by predators
Use up to much energy and wouldn’t be able to mate

Question 11

Navigation methods

Answer 11

Mental maps - known land marks like rivers, tress and mountains
Solar navigation using sun position to determine direction of travel.
Stellar navigation uses star’s position to determine the direction to fly, stars are fixed in the sky and revolve around a celestial pole.
Magnetic navigation using magnetic field that surrounds the earth to migrate to the right direction.
Ocean current- used to navigate and breed some eggs drift with current

Question 12

Tropsims

Answer 12

The plant moves towards or away from a stimulus
This can be
Photo
Thermo
Thigmo
Chemo
Hydro

Question 13

Nastic response

Answer 13

A non directional response to the intensity of the stimulus and they aren’t always growth movements

Question 14

Plant hormone

Answer 14

Auxin produced in tips and shoots causing cell to elongate
When a plant is exposed to light auxin moves to the dark side down. Thus this part of the plant elongates and light side stays the same therefore growing towards the sun
However in roots it’s the opposite auxin prevents elongation when auxin moves to darker side due to gravity this results in root bending and growing downwards

Question 15

Benefits of responses

Answer 15

Would be that they will be able to grow and gain maximum amount of light for photosynthesis and chlorophyll

Question 16

Commensalism

Answer 16

An interaction between two animal or plants species that live together in which one species is benefitted while the other isn’t significantly affected

Question 17

Cooperative breeding

Answer 17

A system in which all members help rear the offspring

Question 18

K strategy

Answer 18

A reproductive strategy where parents produce few young and give them lots of parental care most survive

Question 19

Learned behaviour

Answer 19

Behaviour not controlled by biological clock

Question 20

Dominance heirarchy

Answer 20

Ranked order of organism in a population from most dominant to most submissive

Question 21

Long day plants

Answer 21

A plant in which flowering can be induced or enhanced by long days (short nights) usually with more that 12 hour sunlight

Question 22

Mullerian mimicry

Answer 22

Two or more poisonous species have similar colouration therefore get protected

Question 23

Mutualism

Answer 23

A relationship where both species benefit from the relationship

Question 24

Parasitism

Answer 24

A form of exploration where one species lived on another to obtain food

Question 25

Phase shift

Answer 25

When light and dark is altered the phase shift is the amount by which the period started

Question 26

Photoperiodism

Answer 26

The response of an organism to changes in day length

Question 27

Phytochrome

Answer 27

A pigment that exists in two forms Pr and Pfr
During day the Pf turns to Pfr during the night Pfr instantly turns back to Pf

Question 28

Predation

Answer 28

A form of exploitation where one animal hunts and other animal for food

Question 29

R strategy

Answer 29

Reproductive strategy where parents use all there energy in producing a large amount of offspring but will give no parental care

Question 30

Short day plants

Answer 30

A plant in which flowering can be induced or enhanced by short days and long nights less that 12 hours of sunlight

Question 31

Zeitgeber

Answer 31

The environmental agent that resets the biological clock light and temp

Question 32

Cooperative defence

Answer 32

Members of the group combine strength to defend

Question 33

Courtship behaviour

Answer 33

Initial attraction of a mate

Question 34

Endogenous

Answer 34

Rhythm controlled by internal biological clock due to their dna

Question 35

Entrainment

Answer 35

The resetting of biological clock on a regular basis forcing it to take up the period of environmental cycle

Question 36

Environmental question

Answer 36

A change in external environment that triggers a change in behaviour

Question 37

Innate behaviour

Answer 37

Behaviour which is controlled by our biological clock /dna

Question 38

Inter specific and intra

Answer 38

Inter is between different species and intra is between the same species