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Biology 9. Plants > Plants 9.4 Reproduction in plants > Flashcards

Plants 9.4 Reproduction in plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are vegetative structures?

A

young plant (after germination) that grows roots, stems and leaves. it is in its vegetative phase

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2
Q

When does a change from vegetative phase to reproductive occur?

A

when meristem in shoot start producing parts of flowers instead of leaves

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3
Q

What does the structure of flowers allow?

A

sexual reproduction/variety

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4
Q

Why are flowers a reproductive shoot?

A

they are produced by shoot apical meristem and allow sexual reproduction

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5
Q

What can trigger the transformation of leaf producing shoot to flower producing shoot?

A

temperature and dark period length

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6
Q

What is a short day plant?

A

flower when the dark period becomes longer than a critical length (eg. autumn)

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7
Q

Example of short-day plant

A

poinsettia

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8
Q

What is a long-day plant?

A

they flower during the long days of early summer when nights are short

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9
Q

Example of long-day plant

A

red clover

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10
Q

How is flowering controlled?

A

amount of light needed for the production of inhibitors or activators of genes that control flowering

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11
Q

Outline how flowering involves a change in gene expression in shoot apex in long-day plants

A

active form of pigment PHYTOCHROME leads to transcription of a flowering time (FT Gene); FT mRNA is transported; in phloem to the shoot apical meristem; FT mRNA is translated into FT protein; FT protein binds to a transcription factor; activates many flowering genes; transforms leave-producing apical meristem into reproductive meristem

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12
Q

Which pigment in leaves measures the length of dark periods?

A

phytochrome

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13
Q

what are the two forms for phytochrome?

A

P(R) and P(FR)

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14
Q

What happens when P(R) absorbs red light?

A

converts to P(FR)

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15
Q

What happens when P(FR) absorbs far-red light?

A

converts to P(R). this is not as important as sunlight contains more 630 nm wavelengths (red light)

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16
Q

Is P(R) or P(FR) more stable?

A

P(R) more stable, so in darkness P(FR) naturally gradually converts to P(R)

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17
Q

What is the active form of phytochrome?

A

P(FR)

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18
Q

To which form of phytochrome do receptor proteins bind to?

A

receptor proteins in cytoplasm bind to P(FR)

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19
Q

How does phytochrome stimulate flowering in long-day plants?

A

P(FR) acts as promoter for flowering in lond-day plants; large amounts of P(FR) remains at the end of short nights to bind to receptors which promotes transcriptions of genes needed for flowering

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20
Q

How does phytochrome stimulate flowering in short-day plants?

A

P(FR) inhibits the transcription of the genes needed for flowering in short-day plants; but during long nights most is converted to P(R); inhabitation fails and plant flowers

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21
Q

Explain how flowering is controlled in long-day and short-day plants

A

flowering is affected by light; pigment called phytochrome; exists in two forms P(R) and P(FR); P(R) absorbs red light and converts to P(FR); sunlight contains more red light so P(FR) predominates during day; P(R) is more stable than P(FR); in dark periods P(FR) gradually converts to P(R) P(FR) is active form; Long-day plants flowering induced by dark periods which are shorter than critical length; large amounts of P(FR) remains at the end of night; P(FR) acts as a promoter for flowering in long-day plants; flowering is stimulated; short-day plants flowering induced by dark periods which are longer than critical length; P(FR) inhibits flowering in short-day plants; enough darkness to convert P(FR) into P(R) to allow flowering to occur

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22
Q

What method is used to induce short-day plants to flower out of season?

A

additional light in the middle of the night leads to flowering in the off-season provided that enough humidity and nutrients are provided for long long-day plants

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23
Q

Why is flower forcing used?

A

to get flowers to bloom out of season at a specific time where growers manipulated the length of day and night to force flowering

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24
Q

Draw diagram of an animal pollinated flower

A
  • testa/seed coat
  • anther
  • filament
  • carpel
    • stigma
    • style
    • ovary
  • petal
  • sepal
  • ovule
  • receptacle
  • pedicel
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25
Q

What is function of the petals?

A

help insects find flower/landing space.

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26
Q

What is the function of sepals?

A

protect flower bud during its development and at night when buds close

27
Q

What is the function of anthers?

A

produce pollen, containing male gametes

28
Q

What is the function of filaments?

A

hold anthers in position where thy are likely to brush pollen onto visiting insects

29
Q

What is carpel?

A

female art of flower; consists of stigma, style and ovary

30
Q

What is the stigma?

A

sticky and captures pollen from visiting insect

31
Q

What is the role of the style?

A

style holds up the stigma

32
Q

What is the ovary (in flowers)?

A

located inside a small rounded structure called an ovule

33
Q

What does sexual reproduction in plants depend on?

A

transfer of pollen from the stamen to a stigma of another plant

34
Q

How are pollen transferred between flowers?

A

wind and water; animals known as pollinators

35
Q

What are examples of pollinators?

A

birds, bats and insects like butterflies and bees

36
Q

What is mutualism?

A

close association between two organisms where both organisms benefit from the relationship

37
Q

How do pollinators gain food?

A

gain food in the form of nectar and plant gains a means to transfer pollen to another plant

38
Q

What do most flowering plants use in sexual reproduction?

A

mutualistic relationship with pollinators

39
Q

What is the next process after pollination?

A

fertilization

40
Q

What happens during fertilization?

A

pollen grain attaches on stigma; tube grows down the style to the ovary; pollen tube caries male gamete; fertilizes ovary; ovary located inside small rounded structure called ovule

41
Q

What occurs after male gamete fertilizes ovary (in flower)?

A

fertilized ovule develops into a seed; ovary develops into a fruit

42
Q

What is seed dispersal?

A

although seeds do not move themselves, they travel long distances away from parent plant

43
Q

Why is seed dispersal important?

A

reduces competition between offspring and parent; spreads the species

44
Q

What does type of seed dispersal depend on?

A

structure of fruit

45
Q

Example of a keystone species of the sonoran desert?

A

saguaro cactus ( provides perching and nesting sites)

46
Q

What happens when saguaro fruit ripens?

A

lesser long nosed bats and other birds consume fruits and disperse seeds which pass through guts intact

47
Q

What does ensuring the future of the Sonoran desert ecosystem depend on?

A

protecting roles played by bats/birds, cactus and seed dispersing animals

48
Q

What is a seed?

A

package containing embryo plant and food reserves, all inside protective seed coat

49
Q

what does the embryo plant consist of?

A

embryo root, embryo shoot and one or two cotyledons

50
Q

What are cotyledons

A

embryo leaves and often contain food reserves of the seed; sometimes has endosperm

51
Q

What is this called?

A

testa

52
Q

What is the small hole through the testa called?

A

microphyle located near scar

53
Q

What is the scar of a seed?

A

where seed was attached to the ovary of parent plant

54
Q

What is dormancy?

A

time in which seeds do not immediately germinate (even in normal conditions) so seed can be dispersed

55
Q

Why do all seeds need water for germination?

A

to rehydrate cells; some may contain hormone that inhibits germination that needs to be washed; germination involves growth of embryo root and shoot

56
Q

What is needed for seed germination?

A

oxygen, water, warmth

57
Q

Why is oxygen needed for seed germination

A

aerobic cell respiration (glucose also needed)

58
Q

Why is warmth needed for seed germination?

A

enzyme catalyzed metabolic reactions

59
Q

What is synthesized at the start of germination?

A

gibberellin

60
Q

What is gibberellin?

A

plant hormone that stimulates mitosis and cell division in embryo; in starchy seeds stimulates production of amylase

61
Q

Why is amylase needed in starchy seeds?

A

amylase breaks down starch into maltose; maltose is broke down into sucrose or glucose; starch is insoluble; sucrose and glucose are soluble and can be transported from food reserves to where it is needed (root/shoot)

62
Q

What do embryo root and shoot need for growth?

A

sugars, amino acids

63
Q

what factors may lead to germination failure?

A

seed too old; seed needs darkness/light; pests ate seedlings; unsuitable conditions; too deep in soil (runs out of food before reaching light); waterlogged/anaerobic conditions; too dry;

64
Q

Draw and label structure of a seed

A
  • embryo shoot
  • testa
  • microphyle
  • scar
  • embryo root
  • cotyledon

Biology 9. Plants (6 decks)

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