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SAT Bio > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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SAT® Prep flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose

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2
Q

What do plants cell walls store

A

Carbohydrates (ex. Starch)

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3
Q

2 types of plants

A

Bryophytes and tracheophytes

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4
Q

Bryophytes characteristics

A
  • primitive, lack vascular tissue
  • must live in moist environments (transport water by osmosis)
  • tiny because they lack the lignin fortified tissue necessary to support all plants
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5
Q

Bryophytes ex.

A

Liverwarts, mosses, hornwarts

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6
Q

Tracheophytes characteristics

A
  • have transport vessels, xylem and phloem
  • include seedless and modern plants with seeds
  • plants with seeds are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms
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7
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Conifers- cone bearing plants that produce seeds on the surface of cones. Have needle shaped leaves, thick and waxy cuticle, and stomates in stomata crypts to reduce water loss

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8
Q

Gymnosperms ex

A

Cedar, sequoia, redwood, pine, yew, and juniper

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9
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowering plants, seeds develop inside ovaries (after pollination ovary becomes fruit)

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10
Q

Angiosperm ex

A

Roses, daisies, fruits, nuts, grains, and grasses

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11
Q

Monocotyledon

A

One seed leaf (cotyledon), scattered vascular bundles in stem, parallel leaf venation, floral parts in 3s

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12
Q

Dicotyledon

A

2 seed leaves, vascular bundles in stem are in a ring, net like leaf venation, floral parts in 4s or 5s

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13
Q

Monocotyledons ex

A

Grasses (wheat, corn, oat, rice), palm trees

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14
Q

Dicotyledon ex

A

Daisies, roses, carrots, tree woods

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15
Q

Stomates

A

Open to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize excess water loss

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16
Q

Cutin

A

Waxy coating on leaves that helps minimize water loss

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17
Q

Gametangia

A

The protective jacket of cells that some gametes and zygotes form in to prevent drying out

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18
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Tough polymer that protects plants in harsh environments, found on walls of spores and pollen

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19
Q

Meristem tissue

A

Continually divides so that plants grow as long as they live

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20
Q

Primary plant growth

A

Vertical growth (on root tip and buds of shoots)

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21
Q

Primary plant growth on root tip (3 zones of primary growth)

A

Apical meristem (zone of cell division, bottom), zone of elongation (middle), zone of differentiation (top). There is root cap after the zone of cell division

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22
Q

Zone of cell division

A

Produces new cells that grow down into soil

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23
Q

Zone of elongation

A

Cells elongate and push the root cap deeper into soil

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24
Q

Zone of differentiation

A

Cells undergo specialization into 3 primary meristems that give rise to 3 tissue systems in plant (epidermis, ground tissue, and xylem/phloem)

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25
Q

Secondary growth

A

Lateral growth (increase in girth). New cells provided by the lateral meristem. Nonwoody plants don’t have secondary growth

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26
Q

Function of roots

A

Absorb nutrients from soil, anchor plant, store food

27
Q

Epidermis

A

Covers entire SA of root and are for absorption. Root hairs extend from these cells to increase SA

28
Q

Cortex

A

For storage. Consists of parenchyma cells that contain plastics to store starch

29
Q

Stele/Vascular cylinder

A

For transport. Contains vascular tissues (xylem and phloem), surrounded by pericycle from which lateral roots arise

30
Q

Endoderm

A

Surrounds vascular cylinder, selects what minerals enter vascular cylinder

31
Q

Casparian strip

A

Wraps each endoderm cell, is a band of waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved minerals

32
Q

Lateral movement

A

Movement of water and solutes across a plant

33
Q

Symplast

A

Continuous system of the cytoplasm of cells interconnected by plasmodesmata

34
Q

Apoplast

A

Network of cell walls and intercellular spaces that permit extensive extracellular movement of water

35
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Supply the plant with water and minerals in older regions of roots that lack root hairs. Consists of the plants roots intermingled with the hyphae (filaments) of a fungus that increases the quantity of nutrients the plant can absorb

36
Q

Rhizobium

A

Bacterium on the nodules of roots in legumes that fixes nitrogen gas from air

37
Q

Taproot

A

Single, large root that gives rise to lateral branch roots. Primary root in many dicots.

38
Q

Fibrous root system

A

Common in monocots and holds plant in place

39
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Arise above ground. Include aerial roots and prop roots

40
Q

Aerial roots

A

In trees that grow in swamps and marshes, when root sticks out of water to aerate the root cells

41
Q

Prop roots

A

In tall plants, grow from base of stem and help support plant

42
Q

Leaf overall function

A

Maximize sugar production while minimizing water loss

43
Q

Epidermis function

A

Protection

44
Q

Want cuticle function

A

Minimizes water loss

45
Q

Guard cells

A

Control the opening of the stomates, respond to changes in water pressure

46
Q

Palisade mesophyll (tightly packed)

A

Photosynthesis

47
Q

Spongy mesophyll (loosely packed)

A

Photosynthesis, diffusion and exchange of gases into and out of these cells

48
Q

Veins (in mesophyll)

A

Carry water and nutrients from the soil to the leaves and carry sugar from leaves to the rest of the plant

49
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from the leaf

50
Q

Dermal tissue

A

Outer protective covering of plants, cannot photosynthesize (except for guard cells)

51
Q

Trichomes

A

Tiny, Spike like projections that protect the leaf

52
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Transports water and nutrients up and down the plant (includes xylem and phloem)

53
Q

What does xylem consist of

A

Tracheids and vessel elements

54
Q

What does phloem consist of

A

Sieve tube elements and companion cells

55
Q

Ground tissue

A

All plant tissue besides dermal and vascular

56
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Have a thin and flexible primary cell wall, but no secondary cell wall, typical plant cell, found in all parts of plant

57
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

Unevenly thickened primary cell walls, no secondary cell wall

58
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A

Very thick primary and secondary cell walls that are fortified with lignin, purely for support

59
Q

What does xylem do

A

Carriers water and nutrients from soil to leaves (against gravity) with no expenditure of energy

60
Q

What are water and nutrients pulled up by in xylem

A

Transpirational pull: evaporation of water from leaves
Cohesion: water molecules are attracted to each other and stick together
For each molecule of water that evaporates by transpiration, one is drawn to the root to replace it

61
Q

How does humidity affect rate of transpiration

A

High humidity slows transpiration, low humidity speeds it up

62
Q

How does wind affect transpiration rate

A

Wind reduces humidity near stomates and increases rate of transpiration

63
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration

A

More light speeds up photosynthesis which will increase the rate of transpiration

64
Q

Phloem function

A

Carry sugar from the photosynthetic leaves to the rest of the plant by translocation (this requires energy)

SAT Bio (1 decks)

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