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Origin and Diversity of Life > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Heterotroph

A

respirates, but does not fix carbon eg. humans

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2
Q

Autotroph

A

self feeders eg. plants

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3
Q

Length of time ago plants formed

A

> 3.5 million years ago

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4
Q

Stromatolites

A

structures built from cyanobacteria

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5
Q

Banded iron

A

formed from free oxygen reacting with free iron in water

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6
Q

Consequences of oxygen accumulating in the environment

A
  • anaerobic organisms unable to survive
  • reacts with methane, creates CO2, cools Earth, causes Huronian Ice age
  • ozone created by oxygen rising high in the atmosphere and being hit by UV radiation
    oxygen-breathing organisms are able to form
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7
Q

Chloroplasts

A

type of plastid containing chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place

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8
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

cyanobacteria engulfed by amoeba-like eukaryote, kept alive, plastids transferred to host

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9
Q

Evidence of endosymbiosis

A
  • plastids have double membrane
  • plastids have own DNA
  • plastid DNA is ring structure, not chromosomes
    plastids have similar structures to cyanobacteria (thylakoids = membrane structures containing chlorophyll)
  • plastid DNA related to cyanobacteria DNA
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10
Q

Why genes are lost

A
  • not needed
  • transferred to host nucleus
  • redundancy as host has same gene
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11
Q

Photosynthetic eukaryote originating from different event

A

Paulinella chromatophora

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12
Q

Accessory pigments

A

absorb different wavelength of light to chlorophyll, so provide energy to algae in deep water

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13
Q

Kleptoplast

A

stolen plastid through secondary endosymbiosis

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14
Q

Mixotroph

A

feed through both predation and photosynthesis eg. Euglena

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15
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

photosynthetic eukaryote with primary plastids is engulfed

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16
Q

Evidence of secondary endosymbiosis

A
  • plastids have 4 membranes
  • in some cases original nucleus of eukaryote is still present reduced form of nucleomorph
  • relationships based on plastid DNA show brown seaweed is directly related to red algae
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17
Q

Lost photosynthesis

A

Once gained, photosynthesis can be lost eg. common in Alveolata

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18
Q

Tertiary endosymbiosis

A

occurs in lineages where photosynthesis was lost eg. Dinoflagellates

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19
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

responsible for algal blooms

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20
Q

Emiliana huxleyana

A

Haptophyte, ocean organism that produces blooms

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21
Q

Effect of E.hux on climate

A
  • increases reflectivity of ocean
  • promotes cloud formation my excreting dimethyl sulfoxide
  • body made from calcium carbonate, create geological formation
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22
Q

Diatom

A

photosynthetic organism with silica shell

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23
Q

Plasmodium

A

malaria causing parasite, recent photosynthetic ancestor, plastids contain genes for survival due to transfer

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24
Q

Green algae

A

green photosynthetic organisms, daughter cells stay attached through binary fission

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25
Q

Colonial lifestyle

A
  • filamentous or spherical
  • all cells are equal
  • not usually attached to substrate
  • cells can survive alone as metabolically independent
  • all cells can have sex
    prone to being swept away
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26
Q

Multicellular lifestyle

A
  • cells are not all equal
  • cells are specialised
  • not all cells are metabolically independent
  • usually attached to substrate
    reinforced bottom structure, cannot be swept away
  • simultaneous occupation of multiple environments
  • not all calls can have sex
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27
Q

Problems of plants moving to land

A
  • Hydration
  • Support
  • Water for metabolism
  • Nutrient uptake
  • Temperature variation
  • Damaging light levels
  • High oxygen concentration
  • Sex cell dispersal
  • Dessication of gametes
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28
Q

Advantages of plants moving to land

A
  • No filter on useful light
  • High O2 concentration
  • Escape competition
  • Escape predation
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29
Q

Lichen

A

producers, association of fungi with single cell algae

  • fungus provides structure and inorganic nutrients
  • Algae photosynthesises
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30
Q

Haplo-diplont

A

all land plants, have a sporophyte and gametophyte generation

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31
Q

Early land plants

A
  • spores covered in sporopollenin
  • gametes produced in gametangia
  • eggs retained on mother plant
  • zygote retained and supported by mother plant
  • sporophytes dependent on mother
  • spores produced in sporangium and released
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32
Q

Apical meristem

A

responsible for building plant as it grows

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33
Q

Liverwort

A
  • earliest group of land plants
  • can be leafy - one cell thick
  • can be thalloid - flattened branched stem
34
Q

Bryophyte

A
  • hornworts, liverworts and mosses

- sporophyte is constantly dependent on gametophyte

35
Q

Mosses

A

`- very diverse, found in most places apart from deserts

36
Q

Sphagnum

A

Bog moss, ecologically important, occupies and creates peat bogs, makes environment mor acidic and allows peat to form from carbon

37
Q

Polytrichum

A
  • moss which evolved splash cups for easy fertilisation

- some cups are coloured to attract insect pollinators

38
Q

Dwarf males

A

mosses develop ability for male spores to germinate when they land on female

39
Q

Hornworts

A
  • Anthocerophyta
  • look like liverworts
  • have stomata
  • sphorophytes are long lived and remain dependant on gametophyte
40
Q

Vascular Plants

A
  • freely dispersed spores germinate to gametophyte
  • sporophyte forms and grows nigger and forms roots and branches
  • sporophyte becomes independent and mother gametophyte dies
41
Q

Terminal sporangia

A
  • spore bodies at end of stem

- seed plants, monilophyta

42
Q

Lateral sporangia

A
  • spore bodies along edge of stem

- lycophyta

43
Q

Monilophyta

A
  • include ferns
  • leaves are megaphyll, evolved through webbing
  • evolved from terminal sporangia, spores moved underneth through selection to keep dry
44
Q

Lycophytes

A
  • inclides microphyll leaves, evolved from scales
  • evolved fro lateral sporangia and leaves are simple and triangular
  • includes Selaginella
45
Q

Homosporous

A
  • only one type of spore, bisexual
  • no sexual dimorphism
  • single type of gametophyte
46
Q

Heterosporous

A
  • two types of spore, sperm or egg
  • allows sexual dimorphism
  • unisexual gametophyte
47
Q

Progymnosperms

A
  • spores remained on mother plant due to dry conditions and grow into gametophyte
  • gametophytes are dispersed instead of spores
  • male gametophyte lands on female still attached to mother plant
48
Q

Progymnosperm male gametophyte

A
  • reduced in size
  • loss of independence, no chlorophyll
  • sculpted for air resistance
  • becomes pollen
49
Q

Progymnosperm female gametophyte

A
  • reduced in size and complexity
  • totally dependent on the mother
  • becomes enclosed by mother
  • becomes ovule
50
Q

Archaegonium

A

specialised organ that produces egg cell, exists in early seed plant

51
Q

Why seeds are beneficial

A
  • headstart in growth
  • are supported
  • food supply
  • protection against animals and dessication
52
Q

Seed plant

A
  • spores are made through meiosis and retained and supported
  • male gametophytes are dispersed and land on femle
  • sporophyte grows and seeds are dispersed
  • favoured by dry environments
53
Q

5 lineages of seed plants

A

Cycadophyta - large, spiky, poisonous (swimming sperm)
Ginkophyta - only one living species, Ginko boloba (swimming sperm)
Coniferophyta - some are deciduous, some are evergreen (pollen tube)
Gnetophyte - Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia (pollen tube)
Anthophyta - Angiosperms

54
Q

Ancestral Angiosperms

A
  • low density
  • used insects or other pollinators
  • ovule becomes enclosed
  • gametophyte reduces to 7 cells and becomes more adaptable
  • pollen sticks out to touch insects
  • coloured petals attract insects
  • have endosperm
55
Q

Endosperm

A
  • specialised food tissue from double fertilisation
  • pollen has 2 nuclei
  • Tube cell works then dies
  • Generative nucleus divides into 2
56
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Xylem - takes up water

Phloem - takes sugars from leaves to roots, have companion cells with nucleus to improve transport control

57
Q

Monocot

A
  • one seed leaf
  • always monoaparture (one hole)
  • 20% of world population
  • reffered to as bulbs
  • contains bluebells, daffodils, grasses
  • became aqutic, became herbaceous, returned to land
58
Q

Dicot

A
  • two seed leaves

- either monoaparture or triaparture

59
Q

Apartures

A

holes in angiosperm pollen in which water enters, allowing pollen to germinate

60
Q

Archaedicot

A
  • primitive, monoaparture dicots
  • 3% of world population
  • includes magnolias and water lilies
  • usually tropical
  • monocots and eudicots evolved independently from these
61
Q

Eudicot

A
  • advanced, triaparture dicots
  • 77% of world population
    almost any European tree, apart from conifers
62
Q

Amborella

A
  • first split between living flowering plants
  • happened 175 million years ago
  • one living species in Caledonia
63
Q

Second branching flowering plants

A
  • water lilies
  • first known aquatic seed plants
  • lots of petals
  • first herbaceous seed plants
64
Q

Third branching flowering plants

A

contains 3 rare families

65
Q

Fourth branching flowering plants

A
  • splits into 5 lineages
  • Magnolia group
  • Monocots
  • Eudicots
  • 2 other small groups
66
Q

Magnolia group

A
  • contains magnolia and 97% of archaedicots
  • first herbaceous and non-aquatic seed plant
  • archaedicots have unique oil cells
67
Q

Aristolochia

A
  • has specialised pollination: pollination by deception
  • fly is attracted to smell of rotting meat, crawls inside, trapped due to downward pointing hairs, pollen scatters over fly body, fly escapes, pollinates other flower
68
Q

Evidence for monocots becoming herbaceous

A
  • at base of family tree they arose from archaedicots

- many basal monocots are aquatic

69
Q

Monocot defining characters

A
  • no secondary growth, which fattens tree trunk (only one is tree = palm tree)
  • have herbaceous ancestor
  • have vascular bundles of complex structure, give wek support, improved flexibility for aquatic ancestor
  • absence of primary root (aquatic angiosperms are free floating)
  • loss of cotyledon
  • leaf ventilation and shape (linear leaf shape appears in aquatic plants)
70
Q

Eudicot flower specialisation

A
  • earliest flowers had petals in spiral arrangement
  • lineages evolved to have whorl arrangement
  • whorl arrangements can evolve to bilateral symmetry, fused carpals, or fused petals
71
Q

Compound flowers

A
  • small flowers group together in the middle, and open at different times to receive different pollen to increase genetic diversity
  • large flowers to attract attention
72
Q

Seed dispersal by animals

A
  • hooks: attach to animal externally
  • internal food - eaten and excreted
  • external food - taken and stored away
73
Q

Abiotic seed dispersal

A
  • wind
  • physical eg. catapult
  • water
74
Q

Ethnobotany

A

indigenous uses of plants give clues to undiscovered drugs

75
Q

Parasitic orchids

A
  • all orchids start off being parasitic on fungi
  • seeds germinate if parasitic fungus attempts to attack
  • some become entirely photosynthetic, others remain partly parasitic to grow in shade
76
Q

Parasitic toothwort

A
  • are parasites on trees
  • lost ability to make chlorophyll
  • steals energy from tree
77
Q

Parasitic striga

A
  • attacks African maize crops

- seed senses root, germinates and seeks root, atttaches, starts parasitism, aerial parts develop

78
Q

Solution to striga parasite

A
  • legume Desmodium is planted
  • more attractive to striga
  • striga senses desmodium root, germinates and seeks root, can’t attach, starves and dies
79
Q

Carnivorous plants

A
  • either use sticky leaves, or pitfall trap structure
  • do not eat insects for energy as they photosynthesise
  • eat insects for extra nutrients
80
Q

Strangling figs

A
  • land and germinate on tree branch, grow doen and develop thickly over trunk, strangle snd kill tree, take its place
81
Q

Arum

A
  • compound flower (monocot), uses pollination by deception
  • smell of rotting meat, attract insects
  • beneficial for plants that occur at low frequencies
82
Q

Ophrys

A
  • “bee orchid” - flowers mimic female insect
  • male insects attempt to mate with flower, pollen gets attached, fertilisation occurred when insect attempts to mate with other flower

Origin and Diversity of Life (3 decks)

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