Plants Flashcards
Which plants can cause heart issues?
- Oleander
- Foxglove
- Milkweed
- Rhododendron/azalea/laurel
- Yew
- Death Camas
- False hellebore
- Avocado
- kalanchoe
What plants can cause primary photosensitization due to a hypericin pigment ?
St. Johnswort
What plants can cause hemolysis?
- Onion
- Garlic
- Chives
- Shallots
- Maple
- Mustards
What do sweet clover and bracken fern have in common?
They are toxic plants than can affect blood hemostasis.
What do Pinus app, juniperus app., Picea spp., cupressuss sp., clover and alfalfa have in common?
They are toxic plants that can affect reproduction
What plants can adversely affect the kidney?
- Shamrock
- Oak
- Pigweed
- Lily
What does bleeding heart/dutchman’s breeches, and water hemlock have in common?
They can stimulate the nervous system
What plants can cause mixed effects on the nervous system?
- Yellow star thistle/russian knapweed
- Locoweed
- Morning glory
What plant can cause central nervous system depression?
Marijuana
What do jimson weed, lupine, and poison hemlock have in common?
They are toxic plants that can effect the autonomic nervous system.
What plant can cause paralysis?
Larkspur
What plant contains thiaminase?
Horsetail
What plants can affect the liver or act as hematogenous photosensitizers?
- Cocklebur
- Tansy ragwort
- Fiddleneck
- Hound’s tongue
- Red clover
- Sago palm/cycad
What does buttercup, english ivy, bulbs, nightshade/potatoes/tomatoes, oxalate containing plants, and castor bean have in common?
They are all toxic plants that can cause issues in the GI tract.
What plants effect the skin?
- Hairy vetch
- Black walnut
- Hoary alyssum
What plant can cause string halt?
Flatweed
What plants can cause pulmonary emphysema and edema (fog fever)
- Perilla mint
- Mustards
- Forages/lush green with 3-MI
- Moldy sweet potatoes with 4-ipomeanol
Which plant contains cyanogenic glycosides and produces bright red mucous membranes with a bitter almond odor to GI contents?
Chokecherry
What animal is affected by black walnut and hoary alyssum and what does it cause, and what is the route of exposure?
Horse
Limb edema and laminitis
Oral
What happens if a dog ingests black walnut wood? What about whole walnuts?
Wood: Neurological/musculoskeletal signs with vomiting
Walnut: GI signs like vomiting
What is the MOA of cyanogenic glycosides?
Inhibit electron transport and cellular respiration so the blood is oxygenated, but can’t be utilized by the cells.
What is the main clinical signs of cattle/horses than ingest hairy vetch?
Systemic type IV hypersensitivity lesions with monocytes, lymphocytic, plasmacytic, and eosinophilic infiltrates
When this plant is ingested, the RICIN in the SEEDs can cause GI distress and multi systemic issues; if the ricin is inhaled, it can cause pulmonary pathology similar to paraquat. What is it?
Castor bean
This chemical is found in many house plants and can irritate GIT mucosa, what is it?
Insoluble oxalates and proteolytic enzymes
Tomatos, potatoes and other nightshades are really yummy for humans and other animals, but if you eat more than 1-15% of your night with them, what can occur?
They can cause nervous system and GI signs due to the Solanin toxin and atropine like chemicals within them.
These flower are really pretty and come in green, red and purple varieties. They cause gastroenteritis in cats and dogs because the bulbs contain the highest amount of alkaloids…What are they?
Tulips, daffodil, jonquil, iris, amaryllis, and hyacinth
What does english ivy do when ingested by animals?
It can cause salivation, vomiting and diarrhea.
OH buttercups, what is the toxic principles in these cute little yellow flowers, what clinical signs do they cause and to whom?
Ranunculin which is converted to protoanemonin in the fresh plant causes GI irritation in livestock
An animal ate a plant containing cycasin, what species and what clinical signs are you going to be treating? Oh and which plant is this?
it is a sago palm, cycad, count or cardboard palm.
Dogs get into these and it can affect their liver, GI tract, and nervous system.
What part of the sago palm is toxic?
All parts especially the seeds and nuts
How would you treat a dog that ingested a cardboard palm,coontie, cycad, or a sago palm?
If asymptomatic, decontaminate, but if not, run routine diagnostics, give antiemetics, GI protectants and liver protectants.
A horse is slobbering like crazy and now you are worried about hepatic insufficiency/photosensitivity or acute hepatic encephalopathy. What plants can do this and what is the toxic principles?
Alsike and red clover with slaframine toxin
Which plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloid?
- Tansy ragwort
- Hound’s tongue
- Tarweed/Fiddleneck
A bunch of sheep and goats eat some tansy ragwort, hound’s tongue and tarred/fiddleneck, should we be worried?
No, they are pretty resistant to it. But I would be worried if cattle or horses ate some.
What are the clinical signs and pathological lesions caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants?
Hepatic insufficiency due to centrilobular necrosis, bile duct proliferation, portal fibrosis, and fibrosis around the central veins
What is the MOA of pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
Metabolized to pyrrole wich impair cell division and cause a cumulative toxic effect
What is the toxin found in cocklebur and what pathological lesions does it cause?
Carboxyatractyloside in the seeds and distributed in palatable dicotyledons that cause liver, kidney , GIT and nervous system inflammation
Horsetail affects ________ and causes _________ because of the ________toxin.
Horses
Polioencephalomalacia-like signs
Thiaminiase-like
This plant causes neuromuscular paralysis in cattle (especially free range) because it the toxin in the plant is a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors. What is is?
Larkspur
What and where is the toxin found in the larkspur plant?
Polycyclic diterpene alkaloids in the pre-blooming to seed pod stage
How would you treat a cow that ingested larkspurs?
Physostigmine which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that increases the acetylcholine concentration at the neuromuscular junction
What is the toxin found in poison hemlock and what effects does it impart on large animals who eat it?
Piperidine alkaloids
Nicotinic effects with malformations like arthrogyrposis, cleft palate, and vertebral column deviations
This plant contains quinolizidine alkaloids which have a nicotinic effect on cattle, while also causing malformations in the fetuses of cattle whom eat it between the 40-110 day period of gestation. What plant?
Lupine
What are the clinical signs seen in a cow that ingested lupine?
Crooked calf disease that include arthrogryposis, cleft palate, and vertebral column abnormalities
How does lupine cause malformations in the developing fetus of cattle?
It restricts movement by shrinking the uterus so that it conforms around the shape of the fetus while the fetus continues to grow.
This plant contains atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine, especially in the seeds, which likes to affect horses by causing colics, dilated pupils, and other atropine effects like tachycardia. What plant is this?
Trumpet vine
This plant causes CNS depression and derangement in dogs and can be treated with decontamination and IV lipid rescue therapy. What plant?
Marijuana
What is the toxin found in marijuana?
Tetrahydrocannabinols (THC)
How does tetrahydrocannabinols cause ataxia, inappropriate urination and bradycardia?
The THC binds to CB1 receptors in the CNS
Morning glory affects ________ and causes ________.
Companion animals
Neurological signs with bizarre behavior
Lysergic acid derivatives in the seeds of this plant pose a risk to pets. What plant?
Morning Glory
This plant contains a mycotoxin called swainsonine and miserotoxin that can localism in all species of large animals. What plant?
Locoweed
What are the lesions in animals that ingest locoweed?
- Selenium toxicosis
- Abortions and congenital malformations
- Locoism
What is the MOA of locoweed?
The swainsonine N-oxide inhibits alpha mannosidase and golgi mannosidase II»»accumulation of mannose rich oligosaccharides in cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomes of neurons, renal tubules and hepatocytes.
How is a locoweed toxicity tested?
Test serum for swainsonine and mannosidase activity and look at histologic changes in the neurons, renal tubules and hepatocytes.
These plants cause nigropallidal encephalomalacia in horses because it impairs CN V, VII, IX, and XII. One has bright yellow florets and the other has purple flowers. What plants?
- Yellow star thistle
2. Russian knapweed
Why do horses die when they eat yellow star shistle or russian knapweed?
They can’t drink or swallow food, so they starve to death due to the inability of the CN V, VII, IX, and XII to function.
This plant contains cicutoxin which can cause a rapid onset of violent convulsions and death. What plant?
Water hemlock
Describe the water hemlock plant.
It grows in water, it is native, and it has umbrella clusters of small white flowers with a bulbous root that oozes a yellow resin.,
Which part of the water hemlock is the most toxic?
Root and young shoots
The bleeding heart contains __________ which can cause gastrointestinal problems, along with ________ and __________. Convulsions can occur as well.
Isoquinoline-like alkaloids
muscle tremors
prostration
What is the mnemonic for lilys that are toxic to cats and dogs?
STARGAZER the TIGER smoked ASIATIC HYBRID weed on EASTER DAY.
What lesion do certain lillys cause when ingested?
Severe, acute renal tubular necrosis
What is the toxin found in certain lilly’s that can cause GI upset, lethargy, anorexia and polyuria followed by renal failure after 48-96 hours?
Unknown water soluble compound found in the leaves, flower, pollen and vase water of the flowers.
Which species can undergo renal failure after ingesting certain types of lilly’s?
Cats
A cat arrived to the clinic after eating a Asiatic hybrid lilly, but isn’t showing clinical signs..what do you do?
- Emesis
- Activated charcoal
- Cathartic
- Lavage
* any combo of the above - IV fluid diuresis for 48-72 hours
- Monitor renal parameters especially creatinine and BUN (creatinine will usually be higher)
This plant contains high concentrations of nitrates and soluble oxalates and is a common weed that can affect the kidney. What is it?
Pigweed
What clinical signs/lesions can oak cause and it what species of animals?
Gastroenteritis and nephritis leading to renal disease in large animals.
What and where is the toxin found in oak?
Gallotannins in the acorn, immature leave and early leav bud
These plants contains soluble oxalates and cause necrosis of the proximal renal tubules/collecting ducts along with the presence of birefringent calcium oxalate crystals.
- Halogeton
2. Shamrock
These plants cause slobbering in all animal, but mostly ruminants. They can also cause bloat, infertility, cystic ovaries, and photosensitivity.
- Subterranean and red clover
2. Alfalfa
A bunch of cows abort on your property and you notice the only feed they have are pine and juniper trees, what sample will you take and what compound will you test for to confirm your suspicious of pine toxicity?
Fecal thoracic fluid and stomach contents
Tetrahydroagathic acid biomarker
What is the toxin found in twenty five species of trees (pine, fir, cedar, spruce…) that can cause uterine vasoconstriction, cortisol release and abortion in cattle?
Isocupressic acid
Which types of trees are the most palatable to cattle?
- Long needled pines
- Junipers
- Cypress
What can occur if a cow ingests 2.5-3kg/day of pine or juniper needles for 3 days or more?
Abortion and retained placentas
What four diseases can be caused by bracken fern ingestion and in which species ?
- Neurotoxicosis aka polioencephalomalacia-like disease: horses
- Bone marrow depression: cattle
- Enzootic hematuria with neoplasia: cattle
- Retinal degeneration: sheep
What toxin found in bracken fern causes bone marrow depression, enzootic hematuria and retinal degeneration in ruminants?
Ptaquiloside
What do you use to treat monogastrics that ingested bracken fern? What about ruminants?
Mono: thiamine hydrochloride
Ruminant: antibiotics and supportive care
What toxin causes the polioencephalomalacia-like disease in monogastrics that ingest bracken fern?
Type I thiaminase
Coumarin-dicoumarol is the toxin found in _________. that can cause generalized hemorrhage in cattle.
Sweet clover
How does sweet clover become a growing place for coumarin-dicoumarol toxin?
If feed is out up wet, mold grows and converts coumarin into dicoumarol. Although not all moldy feed is toxic.
How does dicoumarol in sweet clover cause generalized hemorrhage?
Interferes with vitamin K epoxide reductase
How much mustard does an animal need to eat to cause the 6 different problems it causes?
LOTS AND LOTS
Name all 6 MOA/toxic principles of mustard toxicity?
- Goiter due to goitrin and thiocyanate interfering with thyroid hormone synthesis
- Polioenchephalomalacia due to thiaminase like activity or high sulfur content
- Hemolysis due to S-methyl cysteine sulfide
- Equine dysmaturity syndrome
- Bloat caused by GI irritants
- APEE from nitrate accumulation
This plant can cause hemolytic anemia, especially in horses, and many different species of the plant can cause a problem, especially wilted/dried leaves. What plant?
Maple
What can onions, garlic and chives caused especially in cattle and cats?
Heinz body hemolytic anemia
How long does it take for clinical signs to peak once an cat/dog eats an onion or garlic?
Peak at 5 days
What is the toxin found in onions, garlic and chives that cause problems?
Disulfides
What is the toxins found in milkweed that can cause GIT heart, respiratory and nervous system clinical signs?
- Cardiac glycosides/cardenolides
2. Neurotoxins
This plant contains cardiac glycosides, all parts are toxic, and there are clusters of small flower with green succulent foliage around them…what plant?
Kalanchoe
In which species is an avocado exposure especially bad?
Horses and Birds
What is the toxin found in avocado?
Persin
What are the clinical signs/lesions that occur in horses that ingest avocados?
- Noninfectious mastitis
- Myocardial necrosis
- Edema of head/chest
- Ischemia myopathy
What will avocados do to birds?
Respiratory and cardiac distress
What are the congenital deformities that western false hellebore can cause?
- Early embryonic death
- Cyclopia
- Cleft palate
- Arthrogryposis
- Tracheal stenosis
- Abortions
What are the toxins found in wester false hellebore and how do they work?
Glycoalkaloids and ester alkaloids which are teratogenic at low doses and lethal at large doses
What other clinical signs does western false hellebore cause besides congenital deformities?
- Hypotension
- Bradycardia
- Vomition
- Regurgitation
Describe the death camas.
It is a perennial with an onion like bulb with a black covering, grass like leaves that are V creased with yellow-whit flower.
What is the toxin in death camas and what clinical signs does it cause?
Steroid alkaloids in all parts of plant
GIT and heart C/S
What should you test for if you suspect a death camas toxicity?
Zygacine in GI contents
Which toxin in the yew plant interferes with myocardial conduction and is found in the clippings of the plant?
Taxines
This is an ornamental evergreen with clinical signs of acute cardiac failure within 15 min to 4 hours in monogastrics and delayed up to 38 hours in ruminants. What plant?
Yew
How would you treat an animal that ingested a yew plants?
Decontaminate with AC and a cathartic
This plant causes GIT and heart issue along with vomiting and regurgitation. It can be ornamental or native and contains grayanotoxins. What plant?
Rhododendron, azalea, laurel and japanese pieris
Treatment for a small ruminant that ingested rhododendron?
Supportive for GIT and heart signs along with IV lipid recuse therapy and decontamination.
What is the toxin found in foxglove and what does it do?
Cardiac glycosides aka digoxin/digitoxin which affects the GI tract and the heart
Only 5-10 leaves from this plants can cause gastroenteritis, myocardial necrosis, and ischemia renal necrosis. Animal tend to suffer from cardiac arrhythmias. What plant?
Oleander
What is the treatment for an animal that ingest oleander?
- Decontamination with AC/sorbitol due to enterohepatic recirculation
- Digoxin-specific immune Fab antibody fragments in symptomatic patient
What is the toxin found in oleander?
Cardiac glycosides/cardenolides
Which plants clippings are usually the reason why animals accidentally eat them?
- Oleander
- Rhododendron/alzalea/laurel
- Yew
