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plants Flashcards

1
Q

Chinese Evergreen

Aglaonema spp.

A

Toxic principle: insoluable calcium oxalate (acid)

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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2
Q

Alocacia, elephant’s ear

A

Toxicity: insoluable calcium oxalate (acid)

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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3
Q

Flamingo plant

A

toxicity: insoluable calcium oxalate (acid)

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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4
Q

Jack in the pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)

A

toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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5
Q

Cuckoo-pint

(Arum maculatum)

A

toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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6
Q

Caladium varieties

A

toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, throat, mouth, vomiting

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7
Q

Dumcane varieties- Dieffenbachia spp

A

toxic principles: insoluble calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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8
Q

Pothos, Devil’s Ivy (Epipremnum spp.)

A

toxic principles: insoluble calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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9
Q

Cutleaf philodendron, Swiss Cheese plant (Monstera deliciosa)

A

toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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10
Q

Philodendron varieties

A

toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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11
Q

Peace lily (Spathiphyllum spp.)

A

toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetratin via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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12
Q

Skunk cabbage (Sympolocarpus foetidus)

A

Toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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13
Q

Arrowhead vine, Nephthytis (syngonium podophyllum)

A

toxic principle: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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14
Q

Calla lily , arum lily (Zantedeschia oethiopica)

A

toxic principle: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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15
Q

Aralia family- Umbrella tree (Schlefflera spp)

A

toxic principles: insoluble calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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16
Q

Palm family -Fishtail palm (Caryota mitis)

A

Toxic principle: insoluable calcium oxalate

MOA: penetration by needle shaped calcium oxalated crystals

C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting

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17
Q

Halogeton

A

Toxic principles: soluble oxalate

MOA: hypocalcemia, precepitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

C.S.: hypocalcemia, kidney damage

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18
Q

Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)

A

Toxic principles: soluble oxalate

MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

C.S.: hypocalcemia, kidney

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19
Q

Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)

A

Toxic principles: soluble oxalate

MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

C.S.: hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia, kidney damage

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20
Q

Beet (Beta vulgaris)

A

toxic principle: soluble oxalate

MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

C.S.: hypocalcemia, kidney damage

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21
Q

Lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album)

A

Toxic principle: soluble oxalate

MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

C.S.: hypocalcemia, kidney damage

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22
Q

Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponiticum)

A

Toxic principle: soluble oxalate

MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of calcium oxalates in soft tissue, kidney damage

C.S. hypocalcemia, kidney damage

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23
Q

Sorrel and soursop (Oxalais spp)

A

Toxic principle: soluble oxalate

MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

C.S: hypocalcemia, tetany, recumbency, large doses may cause renal failure

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24
Q

Purslane (Portulacca oleracea)

A

Toxic principle: soluble oxalate

MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

C.S. hypocalcemia, kidney damage

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25
Q

Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)

A

Toxic principles: isocupressic acid

MOA: vasoconstriction decreases uterine blood flow, stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

C.S.: abortion in cattle

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26
Q

Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpus)

A

Toxic principles: Isocupressic acid

MOA: vasoconstriction decreased urine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

C.S.: abortion in cattle

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27
Q

St. John’s wort- Hypericum perforatum

A

Toxic principle: quinone

MOA: primary photosensitization

C.S.: erythema, pruruitis, edema, necrosis of skin (secondary bacterial infections)

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28
Q

Buckwheat (Fagopyrun esculentum)

A

toxic principle: quinone

MOA: primary photosensitization

C.S.: erythema and pruritis, edema and necrosis of the skin, secondary bacterial infections

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29
Q

Oak Tree (Quercus spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Tannic acid (tannin)

MOA: tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage

C.S.:

Cattle: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression

Monogastric: mainly GI (colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus)

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30
Q

Pride of Barbados

A

Toxic principles: Tannic acid (tannin)

MOA: tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage

C.S.:

Cattle: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression

Monogastric: mainly GI (colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus)

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31
Q

Lantana (lantana camara), yellow sage

A

toxic principle: triterpene acids- worse in cattle

MOA: liver damage (damage of bile canaliculi, membranes, cholestasis), hepatic photosensitization, hepatic encephalopathy

C.S.: depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis, sloughing

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32
Q

Autumn crocus, meadow saffron

A

Toxic principle: colchicine

MOA: antimitotic (rapidly dividing cells more susceptible)

C.S.: involves many organs: GI, respiratory, renal, hepatic

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33
Q

Glory Lily, climbing Lily

A

Toxic principle: colchicine

MOA: antimitotic (rapidly dividing cells more susceptible)

C.S.: involves many organs: GI, respiratory, renal, hepatic

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34
Q

Buttercup family- Larkspur, Delphinium (Delphinium spp)

A

Toxic principles: Diterpene alkaloids

MOA:competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to crurare

C.S. : sudden death in cattle, muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse

TX: physostigmine

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35
Q

Monkshade, Aconite, Monkshood (Aconitum spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Diterpene alkaloids

MOA:competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to crurare

C.S. : sudden death in cattle, muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse

TX: physostigmine

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36
Q

Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)

A

Toxic principles: Ergot Alkaloid

MOA/C.S.: vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction and abortion (chronic)

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37
Q

Locoweed (Astragalus spp.), Milkvetches (Oxytropis spp.)

A

Legume family

toxic principles: indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)

MOA: inhibition of lysosomal enzymes (decrease glycoprotiens), peripheral neuronal degeneration (via nitropropanolol glycoside), abnormal hoof and hair (via selenium), alteration of cellular function in brain and other organs

C.S.: neuronal signs: depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, abnormal behavior

infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decreased immune system

locoism in horses

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38
Q

Narcissus (Narcissus spp.)

A

Amaryllis family

Toxic principle: lycorine

MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic

C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures

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39
Q

Kaffir lily (Clivia spp.)

A

Toxic principle: lycorine

MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic

C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures

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40
Q

Spider lily (Hymenocallis caribaea)

A

Toxic principle: lycorine

MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic

C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures

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41
Q

Barbados lily, fire lily (Hippeastrum spp)

A

Toxic principle: lycorine

MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic

C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures

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42
Q

Zephyr lily, rain lily (Zephyranthes spp)

A

Toxic principle: lycorine

MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic

C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures

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43
Q

River lily (Crinium bulbispermum)

A

Toxic principle: lycorine

MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic

C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures

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44
Q

Poisonous mushroom (Aminita muscaria)

A

Toxic principle: muscarine

MOA: stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, CNS stimulation

C.S.: delayed onset liver damage, neuro signs

Tx: Atropine, symptomatic treatment, decontaminate

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45
Q

Poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, California or Nebraska fern (Canium masculatum)

A

toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids

MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade

C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)

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46
Q

Lupines (Lupinus spp)

A

toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids

MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade

C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)

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47
Q

Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum)

A

toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids

MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade

C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)

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48
Q

Tree tobacco (Nicotiana gluca)

A

toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids

MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade

C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)

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49
Q

Coyote tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata)

A

toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids

MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade

C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)

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50
Q

Nightshade family- tobacco plant (nicotiana tabacum)

A

Toxic principles: pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)

MOA: act on nicotinic recceptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some synapses in the CNS, low doses causes depolarization, large doses cause blockade

C.S.: rapid onset, early signs are excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, dyspnea, and muscle twitching

death due to respiratory failure

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51
Q

tree tobacco (Nicotiana gluca)

A

Toxic principles: pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)

MOA: act on nicotinic recceptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some synapses in the CNS, low doses causes depolarization, large doses cause blockade

C.S.: rapid onset, early signs are excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, dyspnea, and muscle twitching

death due to respiratory failure

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52
Q

Lobelia

A

Toxic principles:pyridine alkaloids (nicotene and lobeline)

MOA: act on nicotinic recceptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some synapses in the CNS, low doses causes depolarization, large doses cause blockade

C.S.: rapid onset, early signs are excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, dyspnea, and muscle twitching

death due to respiratory failure

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53
Q

Rattlebox or crotolaria (crotolaria spp.)

A

Toxic principle: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

MOA: hepatotoxic

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54
Q

Senecio, groundsel, ragwort

(Senecio spp)

A

Toxic principle: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

MOA: hepatotoxic

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55
Q

Black nightshade (Solanum niger)

A

Toxic principles: Solanine and solanidine alkaloids

MOA/C.S.: GI, CNS, respiratory, cardiac

all plants in this family are only toxic when green and immature

MOA: similar to atropine

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56
Q

American nightshade (Solanum americanum)

A

Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids

C.S.: GI, CNS, repiratory,cardiac

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57
Q

Eggplant (Solanum melongena)

A

Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids

C.S.: GI, CNS, repiratory,cardiac

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58
Q

Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicon)

A

Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids

C.S.: GI, CNS, repiratory,cardiac

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59
Q

Turkey berry (Solanum torvum)

A

Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids

C.S.: GI, CNS, repiratory,cardiac

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60
Q

Chalice vine (Solandra guttota)

A

Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids

C.S.: GI, CNS, respiratory,cardiac

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61
Q

Chinese lantern (Physalis spp)

A

Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids

C.S.: GI, CNS, respiratory,cardiac

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62
Q

Japenese yew (Taxus spp.)

A

toxic principles: taxine alkaloids

C.S.: cardiotoxic (similar to cardiac glycosides) and GI

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63
Q

Jimsonweed, thornapple, angel’s trumpet (Datura stramonium)

A

toxic principles: tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscamine)

MOA: all parts of plant are toxic

CS: GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia

Antidote: physostigmine

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64
Q

Angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia candida)

A

toxic principles: tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscamine)

MOA: all parts of plant are toxic

CS: GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia

Antidote: physostigmine

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65
Q

Henbane (Hyoscymaus spp.)

A

toxic principles: tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscamine)

MOA: all parts of plant are toxic

CS: GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia

Antidote: physostigmine

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66
Q

Cocoa (Theobroma cocao)

A

toxic princles: Xanthine alkaloids (caffine, theophylline, theobromide)

MOA: Blocking adenosine (A) receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase

C.S.: salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, CNS stimulation, convulsive seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination

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67
Q

Coffee (Coffee arabica)

A

toxic principles: Xanthine alkaloids (caffine, theophylline, theobromide)

MOA: Blocking adenosine (A) receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase

C.S.: salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, CNS stimulation, convulsive seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination

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68
Q

Cascara sagrada- from Rhamnus purshiana DC

A

toxic principles: anthraquinone

MOA/CS: purgative

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69
Q

Buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.)

A

toxic principles: anthraquinone

CS/MOA: purgative

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70
Q

Coffee weed, senna (senna occidentalis)

A

toxic principles: anthraquinone

MOA/C.S.: purgative, skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria, kidney damage (similar to monensin)

horses usually die from liver failure and not muscle degeneration

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71
Q

Aloe (Aloe vera)

A

toxic principle: anthraquinone

CS/MOA: purgative

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72
Q

Day blooming Jessamine (Cestrum diurnum)

A

toxic principles: calcinogenic glycoside (Vitamin D analog)

MOA/C.S.: hypercalcemia, lameness

calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, and ligaments, increased density of bones

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73
Q

Turkey berry (Solanum torvum)

A

toxic principles: calcinogenic glycoside (Vitamin D analog)

MOA/C.S.: hypercalcemia, lameness

calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, and ligaments, increased density of bones

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74
Q

Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium)

A

Toxic principles: carboxy- atractyloside (sulfated glycoside)

CS/MOA: hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia

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75
Q

Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)

A

toxic principle: cardiac glycoside

MOA: cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Tx: digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

76
Q

Oleander (Nerium oleander)

A

one of the most toxic plants, 1 leaf can kill animal

toxic principle: cardiac glycoside

MOA: cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Tx: digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

77
Q

Yellow oleander, lucky nut, Be-still tree (Thevetia peruviana)

A

toxic principle: cardiac glycoside

MOA: cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Tx: digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

78
Q

Squill (ureginea maritima)

A

toxic principle: cardiac glycoside

MOA: cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Tx: digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

79
Q

Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis)

A

toxic principle: cardiac glycoside

MOA: cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Tx: digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

80
Q

Milkweed (asclepias spp)

A

toxic principle: cardiac glycoside

MOA: cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Tx: digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

81
Q

Kallanchoe

A

toxic principle: cardiac glycoside

MOA: cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Tx: digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

82
Q

Periwinkle (Cathanranthus roseus)

A

toxic principle: cardiac glycoside

MOA: cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Tx: digi-bind (digoxin immune Fab)

83
Q

Sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis)

A

Toxic principles: Coumarin glycoside

MOA: form dicoumarol in spoiled plants. Inhibit Vitamin K epoxide reductase resulting in deficiency of coag factors: II, VII, IX, X (1972)

C.S. hemorrhage

Antidote: Vitamin K1 or whole blood

84
Q

Wild Cherries (Prunus spp.)

A

toxic principles: cyanogenic glycosides

MOA: release HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants, metabolized in liver to thiocyanates

C.S.:

acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibition of glycolysis, inhibition of citric acid cycle, irritation of MM

Chronic: neuronal degeneration

85
Q

Johnsongrass, Sudan Grass, Sorghum (Sorghum spp.)

A

toxic principles: cyanogenic glycosides

MOA: release HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants, metabolized in liver to thiocyanates

C.S.:

acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibition of glycolysis, inhibition of citric acid cycle, irritation of MM

Chronic: neuronal degeneration and antithyroid effect

86
Q

Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis)

A

toxic principles: cyanogenic glycosides

MOA: release HCN on hydrolysis in damaged plants, metabolized in liver to thiocyanates

C.S.:

acute: inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and inhibition of cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibition of glycolysis, inhibition of citric acid cycle, irritation of MM

Chronic: neuronal degeneration and anti-thyroid effect

87
Q

Sago palm (Cycas circinalis)

A

toxic principle: Cyasin

MOA: glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic- ß-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) –> neurotoxic AA, unknown toxin–> axonal degeneration in CNS

C.S.: GI and liver damage (dogs), GI and weight loss (sheep), Zamia staggers- ataxia, weaknes weight loss (cattle)

also can cause CNS signs

88
Q

Japanese cycad (Cycas revoluta)

A

toxic principle: Cyasin

MOA: glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic- ß-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) –> neurotoxic AA, unknown toxin–> axonal degeneration in CNS

C.S.: GI and liver damage (dogs), GI and weight loss (sheep), Zamia staggers- ataxia, weaknes weight loss (cattle)

also can cause CNS signs

89
Q

Cardboard palm (Zamia furfuraceae)

A

toxic principle: Cyasin

MOA: glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic- ß-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) –> neurotoxic AA, unknown toxin–> axonal degeneration in CNS

C.S.: GI and liver damage (dogs), GI and weight loss (sheep), Zamia staggers- ataxia, weaknes weight loss (cattle)

also can cause CNS signs

90
Q

Coontie (Zamia pulmila)

A

toxic principle: Cyasin

MOA: glycoside that causes GI irritation and liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic- ß-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) –> neurotoxic AA, unknown toxin–> axonal degeneration in CNS

C.S.: GI and liver damage (dogs), GI and weight loss (sheep), Zamia staggers- ataxia, weaknes weight loss (cattle)

also can cause CNS signs

91
Q

Rape seed, kale, broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, turnip, cauliflower

Brassica spp.

A

toxic principle: glucosinolate (thiocynate glycoside)

C.S./MOA: antithyroid

92
Q

Soybean (Glycine spp.)

A

toxic principle: glucosinolate (thiocynate glycoside)

C.S./MOA: antithyroid

93
Q

Flax (Linum spp.)

A

toxic principle: glucosinolate (thiocynate glycoside)

C.S./MOA: antithyroid

94
Q

Milkvetch (Astragalus spp.)

A

toxic principles: nitropropanol glycoside

MOA: inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

C.S.

cattle and sheep: respiratory and neurologic signs (cracker heels or roaring disease)

horses and rodents: neurologic signs

95
Q

Violets (Viola spp.)

A

toxic principles: nitropropanol glycoside

MOA: inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

C.S.

cattle and sheep: respiratory and neurologic signs (cracker heels or roaring disease)

horses and rodents: neurologic signs

96
Q

Lotus

A

toxic principles: nitropropanol glycoside

MOA: inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

C.S.

cattle and sheep: respiratory and neurologic signs (cracker heels or roaring disease)

horses and rodents: neurologic signs

97
Q

Indigo (Indigofera spp.)

A

toxic principles: nitropropanol glycoside

MOA: inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation

C.S.

cattle and sheep: respiratory and neurologic signs (cracker heels or roaring disease)

horses and rodents: neurologic signs

98
Q

White clover (Trifolium repens)

A

Toxic principles: phytoestrogens

MOA: bind to estrogen recpetors causing infertility in females and males

C.S.: infertility in female, decreased libido and feminization in males

99
Q

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)

A

Toxic principles: phytoestrogens

MOA: bind to estrogen recpetors causing infertility in females and males

C.S.: infertility in female, decreased libido and feminization in males

100
Q

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

A

Toxic principles: phytoestrogens

MOA: bind to estrogen recpetors causing infertility in females and males

C.S.: infertility in female, decreased libido and feminization in males

101
Q

Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae): Anemone, Ranunculus, Clematic, Hellborus

A

MOA: protoanemonin (volatile oil)

MOA: volatile oil released by hydrolysis of glycoside

C.S.: severe irritation of GI mucosa and dermatitis

102
Q

Braken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)

A

toxic principle: Ptaquiloside

MOA: death of precursor cells in the BM, neoplasm in the UT, tumors in the URT, retinal degeneration (bright blindness*)

C.S.: acute onset aplastic anemia, anorexia, hemorrhage, enzootic hematuria- blood in urine, anemia, tachycardia, death

103
Q

Agave (Agave lechugilla)

A

toxic principles: steroidal saponins

MOA: liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin, a metabolite of cholorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance , hepatogenic photosensitization

C.S.:signs of photosensitization and liver damage

104
Q

Beargrass (Nolina spp)

A

toxic principles: steroidal saponins

MOA: liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin, a metabolite of cholorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance , hepatogenic photosensitization

C.S.:signs of photosensitization and liver damage

105
Q

Grass family (Pancium spp.)

A

toxic principles: steroidal saponins

MOA: liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin, a metabolite of cholorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance , hepatogenic photosensitization

C.S.:signs of photosensitization and liver damage

106
Q

Pancium vigratum

A

toxic principles: steroidal saponins

MOA: liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin, a metabolite of cholorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance , hepatogenic photosensitization

C.S.:signs of photosensitization and liver damage

107
Q

Dracaena spp.- Madgascar Dragon Tree, Song of India, Cornstalk, Dwarf bouquet or Calypso queen,

A

toxic principles: steroidal saponins

MOA: mainly GI irritation

C.S.: GI signs including hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting which may be bloody, colic and diarrhea, depression in dogs and cats, dilated pupils in cats

108
Q

Cordyline spp.

A

toxic principles: steroidal saponins

MOA: mainly GI irritation

C.S.: GI signs including hypersalivation, nausea, vomiting which may be bloody, colic and diarrhea, depression in dogs and cats, dilated pupils in cats

109
Q

Molybdenum

A

toxic principles: molybdenum

C.S./MOA: signs of copper deficiency including watery bubbly diarrhea, wasting, depigmentation, demyelination, osteoporosis

110
Q

Clovers

A

Toxic principles: Copper

MOA/C.S.: liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

111
Q

Aster

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

112
Q

Woody aster (Xylorrhiza spp.)

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

113
Q

Princess’s plume (Stanlyea spp.)

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

114
Q

Milk vetch (Astragalus spp.)

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

115
Q

Goldenwood (Onopsis spp.)

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

116
Q

Paintbrush (Castilleja spp.)

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

117
Q

Saltbrush (Atriplex spp.)

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

118
Q

Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa)

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

119
Q

Tall grasses (Sorghum spp)

A

Toxic principles: selenium

C.S./MOA:

Acute: GI irritation and respiratory signs

Chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

120
Q

Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

121
Q

Oats (Avena sativa)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

122
Q

Johnsngrass, Sudangrass, Milo (Sorghum spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

123
Q

Corn, Maize (Zea mays)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

124
Q

Beet (Beta vulgaris)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

125
Q

Lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

126
Q

Sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

127
Q

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

128
Q

Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

129
Q

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

A

Toxic principles: Nitrate

MOA/C.S.:

Acute: GI irritation. Nitrate is reduced to nitrate by nitrate reductase. Nitrate causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric iron, forms methemoglobin. Respiratory insufficiency signs due to inability of the blood to carry oxygen. Fetal methemolobinemia and death causing abortion.

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion. Reduced performance

130
Q

Mustards (Brassica spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Dimethyl dislfide

MOA: plant contains 5-methyl cysteine sulfoxide- reduced to dimethyl disulfide, causes oxidation of RBCs and heinz body anemia

C.S.: anemia, depression, hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, icterus, cyanosis

131
Q

Spurge family- Chenille plant, Cat tail (Acalypha hispida)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

132
Q

Croton (Cadiaeum variegatum)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

133
Q

Candalabra “cactus” (Euphorbia lacta)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

134
Q

Crown of thorns (Euphorbia milli var splendens)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

135
Q

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

136
Q

Pencil tree (Euphorbia tirucalli)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

137
Q

Manchineel (Hippomane manchinella)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

138
Q

Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

139
Q

Physicnut (Jatropha curas)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

140
Q

Wild physicnut (jatropha gossipifolia)

A

Toxic principles: diterpene esters

MOA: activate protein kinase C resulting in cell damage and enzyme dysfunction

C.S.: irritation and blistering of GI mucosa–> salivation, vomiting and diarrhea (with/without blood)

usually mild in small animals, may be severe in large animals (especially horses)

141
Q

Rhodendron, Azalea (Rhodedendron spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Grayanotoxins

MOA: binds to Na channels in excitable cells (nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, CNS), increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

C.S.: GI signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever. Death due to aspiration pneumonia.

142
Q

Mountain laurel, sheep laurel, sheepkill (Kalmia spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Grayanotoxins

MOA: binds to Na channels in excitable cells (nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, CNS), increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

C.S.: GI signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever. Death due to aspiration pneumonia.

143
Q

Japanese pieris, mountain pieris (Pieris spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Grayanotoxins

MOA: binds to Na channels in excitable cells (nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, CNS), increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

C.S.: GI signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever. Death due to aspiration pneumonia.

144
Q

Dog hobble, dog laurel, black laurel (Leucothoe spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Grayanotoxins

MOA: binds to Na channels in excitable cells (nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, CNS), increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

C.S.: GI signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever. Death due to aspiration pneumonia.

145
Q

Mapleberry, fetter bush, stagger bush (Lyonia spp.)

A

Toxic principles: Grayanotoxins

MOA: binds to Na channels in excitable cells (nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, CNS), increase permeability and depolarization, irritation of GI mucosa

C.S.: GI signs, depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures, fever. Death due to aspiration pneumonia.

146
Q

Castor bean (Ricinus communis)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

147
Q

Precatory bean (Abrus precatorius)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

148
Q

Coral plant (Jatropha crucas)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

149
Q

Sandbox tree (Hura crepitans)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

150
Q

Black locus (Rhobina pseudocacia)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

151
Q

Beans (soybeans, kidney, pinto, navy)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

152
Q

Mahogony family- Chinaberry (Melia azedarrach)

A

toxic principle: meliatoxin

MOA: enterotoxic, neurotoxic

C.S.: GI signs with or withoug blood, CNS and peripheral neuronal signs similar to nicotine poisoning, death from respiratory failure

153
Q

Amarlyllis family (Onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek)- Allium spp.

A

toxic principle: propyl disulfide

MOA: oxygen free radicals–> damage RBC membranes–> heinz bodies

C.S.: anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion

154
Q

Horsebrush (Tetradymia spp.)

A

Toxic principle: Tetradymol

MOA: liver damage and inability to eliminate phylloerythrin, a metabolite of chlorophyll which acts as a photodynamic substance, hepatogenic photosensitization

C.S.: **sheep**anorexia, depression, incoordination, dyspnea, icterus, head pressing,skin swelling, erythema, necrosis, sloughing, secondary bacterial infections

155
Q

Horsetail (Equisetum hyemale)

A

toxic principle: thiaminase

MOA/C.S.: destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamin (Vita B1) deficiency in monogastric animals (neurotoxic)

156
Q

Braken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)

A

toxic principle: thiaminase

MOA/C.S.: destroys thiamine in the diet and produces signs of thiamine (Vita B1) deficiency in monogastric animals (neurotoxic)

157
Q

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

A

toxic principle: triterpenoid saponins

MOA: direct irritation of the GI mucosa

C.S.: salivation, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, colic, hypothermia

158
Q

Hollyy family- English holly, Christmas holly (Ilex aquifolum)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

159
Q

American holly (Ilex opaca)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

160
Q

Ginseng family-English Ivy, common ivy (Hendra helix)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

161
Q

Pokeweed family- pokeweed, inkberry (Phytolacca americana)

A

toxic principle: lectin (phytotoxin, toxalbumin)

MOA: inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

C.S.: GI signs including hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

162
Q

Milkweed family (Asclepias spp.)

A

Toxic principles: resin or resinoids

MOA/C.S.: irritation of nervous or muscle tissue

163
Q

Opium family- Marijuana (cannibis sativa)

A

Toxic principles: resin or resinoids

MOA/C.S.: irritation of nervous or muscle tissue

164
Q

Mahogony family- Chinaberry (Melia azedarach)

A

Toxic principles: resin or resinoids

MOA/C.S.: irritation of nervous or muscle tissue

165
Q

Legume family- Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridium)

A

toxic principles: alsike clover and red clover

MOA: hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses only (due to liver damage), hepatic encephalopathy at large doses, primary photosensitization also

C.S.:lacrimation, photophobia, erythma, pruritis, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin

166
Q

Red clover (Trifolium pratense)

A

toxic principles: alsike clover and red clover

MOA: hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses only (due to liver damage), hepatic encephalopathy at large doses, primary photosensitization also

C.S.:lacrimation, photophobia, erythma, pruritis, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin

167
Q

Laurel family- Avocado (Persea americana)

A

toxic principles: avocado

CS/MOA: cardiotoxicity in goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds

noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cattle, horses, goats, and rabbits

168
Q

Black walnut

A

toxic principles: black walnut

C.S./MOA: ingestion of fresh shavings made from heartwood (as bedding), causes laminitis

169
Q

Legume family- moldy alfalfa (medicago sativa)

A

toxic principles: forage-induced photosensitization

MOA: primary photosensitization, secondary photosensitization due to liver damage

C.S.:lacrimation, photophobia, erythma, pruritis, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin

170
Q

Grass family- moldy wheat (triticum aestivum)

A

toxic principles: forage induced photosensitization

MOA: primary photosensitization, secondary photosensitization due to liver damage

C.S.:lacrimation, photophobia, erythma, pruritis, edema, necrosis, sloughing of skin

171
Q

Grape family- Grapevine (Vitis spp)

A

Toxic principles: grapes and raisins

MOA: unknown toxin causes renal failure only in dogs

C.S.: GI signs including vomiting followed by signs of acute renal failure

172
Q

Lily family- Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum)

A

toxic principle: Lily

MOA: an unknown toxin causes renal failure only in cats (two leaves can cause poisoning), GI irritation in dogs and cats

C.S.: GI signs including salivation, vomiting, depression, complete anorexia, PU followed by anuria and death from renal failure

173
Q

Tiger Lily (Lilium tigrinum)

A

toxic principle: Lily

MOA: an unknown toxin causes renal failure only in cats (two leaves can cause poisoning), GI irritation in dogs and cats

C.S.: GI signs including salivation, vomiting, depression, complete anorexia, PU followed by anuria and death from renal failure

174
Q

Japanese show lily (Lilium hybridium)

A

toxic principle: Lily

MOA: an unknown toxin causes renal failure only in cats (two leaves can cause poisoning), GI irritation in dogs and cats

C.S.: GI signs including salivation, vomiting, depression, complete anorexia, PU followed by anuria and death from renal failure

175
Q

Day lily (Hemerocallis spp.)

A

toxic principle: Lily

MOA: an unknown toxin causes renal failure only in cats (two leaves can cause poisoning), GI irritation in dogs and cats

C.S.: GI signs including salivation, vomiting, depression, complete anorexia, PU followed by anuria and death from renal failure

176
Q

Pigweed family- redroot pigweed (Amaranthus spp.)

A

toxic principle: pigweed

MOA:

acute: nitrate–>methemoglobinemia
chronic: abortion

soluable oxalate: hypocalcemia and kidney damage

unknown: renal tubular damage–> ruminants, horses, pigs

C.S.: depression, weakness, incoordination, renal failure

177
Q

Red maple family (acer rubrum)

A

toxic principle: red maple

MOA: unknown toxin in dried leaves–> hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, heinz bodies

C.S.: anorexia, depression, anemia, icterus, brown MM, hemoglobinuria, dyspnea, cyanosis, death

may cause renal failure

178
Q

Legume family- Coffee senna (senna occidentalis)

A

toxic principles: senna

MOA: unknown mechanism–> skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy, anthroquinone–> cathartic

C.S.: diarrhea, muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, coffee colored urine, tachycardia, death

179
Q

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)

A

toxic principles: senna

MOA: unknown mechanism–> skeletal muscle myopathy and cardiomyopathy, anthroquinone–> cathartic

C.S.: diarrhea, muscle weakness, recumbency, good appetite, myoglobinuria, coffee colored urine, tachycardia, death

180
Q

Sunflower family- yellow starthistle (centaurea solstitialis)

A

toxic principles: yellow starthistle and Russian knapweed

MOA: toxins interact with dopamine transporters resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain

C.S.: equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing disease- sudden onset of inability to eat or drink, drowsiness interuppted by excitation, head down, dehydration

181
Q

Russian knapweed (Acropitilon repens, Centaurea repens)

A

toxic principles: yellow starthistle and Russian knapweed

MOA: toxins interact with dopamine transporters resulting in death of dopaminergic neurons in the brain

C.S.: equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE) or chewing disease- sudden onset of inability to eat or drink, drowsiness interrupted by excitation, head down, dehydration

182
Q

Protea family

Macademia

A

toxic principle: macademia nuts

MOA: unknown, toxin is unknown

C.S. dog- onset of signs within 12 hours- weakness in hindlimbs, depression, ataxia, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale MM. Full recovery in 2 days

183
Q

Cactus family

A

toxic principle: mechanical injury

MOA/C.S.: thorns, spines, stinging, or irritating hair

184
Q

Jimsonweed seed pods (Datura stramonium)

A

toxic principle: mechanical injury

MOA/C.S.: thorns, spines, stinging, or irritating hair

185
Q

Cocklebur seed pods (xanthium strumarium)

A

mechanical injury

thorns, spines, stinging or irritating hair

186
Q
A

tox (2 decks)

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