plants Flashcards
Chinese Evergreen
Aglaonema spp.
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/240/994/897/q_image_thumb.png?1522927839)
Toxic principle: insoluable calcium oxalate (acid)
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Alocacia, elephant’s ear
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/240/995/078/q_image_thumb.png?1522927977)
Toxicity: insoluable calcium oxalate (acid)
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Flamingo plant
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/240/995/216/q_image_thumb.png?1522928090)
toxicity: insoluable calcium oxalate (acid)
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Jack in the pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum)
toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Cuckoo-pint
(Arum maculatum)
toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Caladium varieties
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/240/996/046/q_image_thumb.png?1522928377)
toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, throat, mouth, vomiting
Dumcane varieties- Dieffenbachia spp
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/144/920/q_image_thumb.png?1523035754)
toxic principles: insoluble calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Pothos, Devil’s Ivy (Epipremnum spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/146/218/q_image_thumb.png?1523035860)
toxic principles: insoluble calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Cutleaf philodendron, Swiss Cheese plant (Monstera deliciosa)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/147/241/q_image_thumb.png?1523035970)
toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Philodendron varieties
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/148/782/q_image_thumb.png?1523036097)
toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Peace lily (Spathiphyllum spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/150/304/q_image_thumb.png?1523036191)
toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetratin via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Skunk cabbage (Sympolocarpus foetidus)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/150/591/q_image_thumb.png?1523036303)
Toxic principles: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Arrowhead vine, Nephthytis (syngonium podophyllum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/150/736/q_image_thumb.png?1523036382)
toxic principle: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Calla lily , arum lily (Zantedeschia oethiopica)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/150/820/q_image_thumb.png?1523036474)
toxic principle: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Aralia family- Umbrella tree (Schlefflera spp)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/150/896/q_image_thumb.png?1523036647)
toxic principles: insoluble calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration via needle shaped calcium oxalate crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Palm family -Fishtail palm (Caryota mitis)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/020/q_image_thumb.png?1523036777)
Toxic principle: insoluable calcium oxalate
MOA: penetration by needle shaped calcium oxalated crystals
C.S.: irritation of lips, mouth, throat, vomiting
Halogeton
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/146/q_image_thumb.png?1523036863)
Toxic principles: soluble oxalate
MOA: hypocalcemia, precepitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
C.S.: hypocalcemia, kidney damage
Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/200/q_image_thumb.png?1523036955)
Toxic principles: soluble oxalate
MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
C.S.: hypocalcemia, kidney
Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/230/q_image_thumb.png?1523037147)
Toxic principles: soluble oxalate
MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
C.S.: hypocalcemia, methemoglobinemia, kidney damage
Beet (Beta vulgaris)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/430/q_image_thumb.png?1523037216)
toxic principle: soluble oxalate
MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
C.S.: hypocalcemia, kidney damage
Lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/500/q_image_thumb.png?1523037279)
Toxic principle: soluble oxalate
MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
C.S.: hypocalcemia, kidney damage
Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponiticum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/540/q_image_thumb.png?1523037341)
Toxic principle: soluble oxalate
MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of calcium oxalates in soft tissue, kidney damage
C.S. hypocalcemia, kidney damage
Sorrel and soursop (Oxalais spp)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/575/q_image_thumb.png?1523037422)
Toxic principle: soluble oxalate
MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
C.S: hypocalcemia, tetany, recumbency, large doses may cause renal failure
Purslane (Portulacca oleracea)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/673/q_image_thumb.png?1523037546)
Toxic principle: soluble oxalate
MOA: hypocalcemia, precipitation of Ca oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
C.S. hypocalcemia, kidney damage
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/736/q_image_thumb.png?1523037629)
Toxic principles: isocupressic acid
MOA: vasoconstriction decreases uterine blood flow, stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion
C.S.: abortion in cattle
Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpus)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/151/744/q_image_thumb.png?1523037641)
Toxic principles: Isocupressic acid
MOA: vasoconstriction decreased urine blood flow that stimulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion
C.S.: abortion in cattle
St. John’s wort- Hypericum perforatum
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/358/964/q_image_thumb.png?1523297208)
Toxic principle: quinone
MOA: primary photosensitization
C.S.: erythema, pruruitis, edema, necrosis of skin (secondary bacterial infections)
Buckwheat (Fagopyrun esculentum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/762/649/q_image_thumb.png?1523297314)
toxic principle: quinone
MOA: primary photosensitization
C.S.: erythema and pruritis, edema and necrosis of the skin, secondary bacterial infections
Oak Tree (Quercus spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/763/155/q_image_thumb.png?1523297418)
Toxic principles: Tannic acid (tannin)
MOA: tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
C.S.:
Cattle: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression
Monogastric: mainly GI (colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus)
Pride of Barbados
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/763/286/q_image_thumb.png?1523297498)
Toxic principles: Tannic acid (tannin)
MOA: tissue damage including GI lesions and kidney damage
C.S.:
Cattle: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression
Monogastric: mainly GI (colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, hematuria, icterus)
Lantana (lantana camara), yellow sage
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/914/037/q_image_thumb.png?1523403318)
toxic principle: triterpene acids- worse in cattle
MOA: liver damage (damage of bile canaliculi, membranes, cholestasis), hepatic photosensitization, hepatic encephalopathy
C.S.: depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis, sloughing
Autumn crocus, meadow saffron
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/914/188/q_image_thumb.png?1523403432)
Toxic principle: colchicine
MOA: antimitotic (rapidly dividing cells more susceptible)
C.S.: involves many organs: GI, respiratory, renal, hepatic
Glory Lily, climbing Lily
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/914/533/q_image_thumb.png?1523403861)
Toxic principle: colchicine
MOA: antimitotic (rapidly dividing cells more susceptible)
C.S.: involves many organs: GI, respiratory, renal, hepatic
Buttercup family- Larkspur, Delphinium (Delphinium spp)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/949/752/q_image_thumb.png?1523445015)
Toxic principles: Diterpene alkaloids
MOA:competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to crurare
C.S. : sudden death in cattle, muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse
TX: physostigmine
Monkshade, Aconite, Monkshood (Aconitum spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/949/944/q_image_thumb.png?1523445267)
Toxic principles: Diterpene alkaloids
MOA:competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to crurare
C.S. : sudden death in cattle, muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse
TX: physostigmine
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/949/970/q_image_thumb.png?1523445335)
Toxic principles: Ergot Alkaloid
MOA/C.S.: vasoconstriction and gangrene, uterine contraction and abortion (chronic)
Locoweed (Astragalus spp.), Milkvetches (Oxytropis spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/950/066/q_image_thumb.png?1523445412)
Legume family
toxic principles: indolizidine alkaloids (swainsonine)
MOA: inhibition of lysosomal enzymes (decrease glycoprotiens), peripheral neuronal degeneration (via nitropropanolol glycoside), abnormal hoof and hair (via selenium), alteration of cellular function in brain and other organs
C.S.: neuronal signs: depression, incoordination, ataxia, circling, abnormal behavior
infertility, congenital defects, heart failure, weight loss, decreased immune system
locoism in horses
Narcissus (Narcissus spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/950/313/q_image_thumb.png?1523445618)
Amaryllis family
Toxic principle: lycorine
MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic
C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures
Kaffir lily (Clivia spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/950/436/q_image_thumb.png?1523445711)
Toxic principle: lycorine
MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic
C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures
Spider lily (Hymenocallis caribaea)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/950/486/q_image_thumb.png?1523445756)
Toxic principle: lycorine
MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic
C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures
Barbados lily, fire lily (Hippeastrum spp)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/950/530/q_image_thumb.png?1523445954)
Toxic principle: lycorine
MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic
C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures
Zephyr lily, rain lily (Zephyranthes spp)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/950/910/q_image_thumb.png?1523446057)
Toxic principle: lycorine
MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic
C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures
River lily (Crinium bulbispermum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/950/959/q_image_thumb.png?1523446100)
Toxic principle: lycorine
MOA: emetic and purgative, bulb most toxic
C.S.: Anorexia, saliva, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension, muscle tremors/seizures
Poisonous mushroom (Aminita muscaria)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/951/020/q_image_thumb.png?1523446139)
Toxic principle: muscarine
MOA: stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, CNS stimulation
C.S.: delayed onset liver damage, neuro signs
Tx: Atropine, symptomatic treatment, decontaminate
Poison hemlock, spotted hemlock, California or Nebraska fern (Canium masculatum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/951/121/q_image_thumb.png?1523446232)
toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids
MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade
C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)
Lupines (Lupinus spp)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/951/210/q_image_thumb.png?1523446375)
toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids
MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade
C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)
Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/951/243/q_image_thumb.png?1523446424)
toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids
MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade
C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)
Tree tobacco (Nicotiana gluca)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/951/299/q_image_thumb.png?1523446531)
toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids
MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade
C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)
Coyote tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata)
toxic principles: piperdine alkaloids
MOA: nicotinic effects starting with ganglionic and neuromuscular stimulation followed by ganglionic and nueromuscular blockade
C.S: mainly ataxia, incoordination, birth defects (skeletal malformation and cleft palate)
Nightshade family- tobacco plant (nicotiana tabacum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/953/157/q_image_thumb.png?1523452185)
Toxic principles: pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)
MOA: act on nicotinic recceptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some synapses in the CNS, low doses causes depolarization, large doses cause blockade
C.S.: rapid onset, early signs are excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, dyspnea, and muscle twitching
death due to respiratory failure
tree tobacco (Nicotiana gluca)
Toxic principles: pyridine alkaloids (nicotine and lobeline)
MOA: act on nicotinic recceptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some synapses in the CNS, low doses causes depolarization, large doses cause blockade
C.S.: rapid onset, early signs are excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, dyspnea, and muscle twitching
death due to respiratory failure
Lobelia
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/960/996/q_image_thumb.png?1523452664)
Toxic principles:pyridine alkaloids (nicotene and lobeline)
MOA: act on nicotinic recceptors at autonomic ganglia, NMJ, and some synapses in the CNS, low doses causes depolarization, large doses cause blockade
C.S.: rapid onset, early signs are excitation, salivation, lacrimation, vomiting, diarrhea, tachypnea, dyspnea, and muscle twitching
death due to respiratory failure
Rattlebox or crotolaria (crotolaria spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/042/q_image_thumb.png?1523452839)
Toxic principle: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
MOA: hepatotoxic
Senecio, groundsel, ragwort
(Senecio spp)
Toxic principle: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
MOA: hepatotoxic
Black nightshade (Solanum niger)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/334/q_image_thumb.png?1523452961)
Toxic principles: Solanine and solanidine alkaloids
MOA/C.S.: GI, CNS, respiratory, cardiac
all plants in this family are only toxic when green and immature
MOA: similar to atropine
American nightshade (Solanum americanum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/427/q_image_thumb.png?1523453051)
Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids
C.S.: GI, CNS, repiratory,cardiac
Eggplant (Solanum melongena)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/537/q_image_thumb.png?1523453110)
Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids
C.S.: GI, CNS, repiratory,cardiac
Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicon)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/573/q_image_thumb.png?1523453146)
Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids
C.S.: GI, CNS, repiratory,cardiac
Turkey berry (Solanum torvum)
Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids
C.S.: GI, CNS, repiratory,cardiac
Chalice vine (Solandra guttota)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/611/q_image_thumb.png?1523453204)
Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids
C.S.: GI, CNS, respiratory,cardiac
Chinese lantern (Physalis spp)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/639/q_image_thumb.png?1523453258)
Toxic principle: solanine and solanidine alkaloids
C.S.: GI, CNS, respiratory,cardiac
Japenese yew (Taxus spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/694/q_image_thumb.png?1523453393)
toxic principles: taxine alkaloids
C.S.: cardiotoxic (similar to cardiac glycosides) and GI
Jimsonweed, thornapple, angel’s trumpet (Datura stramonium)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/961/889/q_image_thumb.png?1523453691)
toxic principles: tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscamine)
MOA: all parts of plant are toxic
CS: GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia
Antidote: physostigmine
Angel’s trumpet (Brugmansia candida)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/355/q_image_thumb.png?1523453860)
toxic principles: tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscamine)
MOA: all parts of plant are toxic
CS: GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia
Antidote: physostigmine
Henbane (Hyoscymaus spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/396/q_image_thumb.png?1523453875)
toxic principles: tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscamine)
MOA: all parts of plant are toxic
CS: GI, CNS (convulsive seizures), mydriasis, tachycardia
Antidote: physostigmine
Cocoa (Theobroma cocao)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/481/q_image_thumb.png?1523453926)
toxic princles: Xanthine alkaloids (caffine, theophylline, theobromide)
MOA: Blocking adenosine (A) receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase
C.S.: salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, CNS stimulation, convulsive seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination
Coffee (Coffee arabica)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/571/q_image_thumb.png?1523454024)
toxic principles: Xanthine alkaloids (caffine, theophylline, theobromide)
MOA: Blocking adenosine (A) receptors, inhibiting phosphodiesterase
C.S.: salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, CNS stimulation, convulsive seizures, muscle tremors, tachycardia, hypotension, urination
Cascara sagrada- from Rhamnus purshiana DC
toxic principles: anthraquinone
MOA/CS: purgative
Buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/662/q_image_thumb.png?1523454125)
toxic principles: anthraquinone
CS/MOA: purgative
Coffee weed, senna (senna occidentalis)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/732/q_image_thumb.png?1523454194)
toxic principles: anthraquinone
MOA/C.S.: purgative, skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration, urine may be coffee colored due to myoglobinuria, kidney damage (similar to monensin)
horses usually die from liver failure and not muscle degeneration
Aloe (Aloe vera)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/840/q_image_thumb.png?1523454287)
toxic principle: anthraquinone
CS/MOA: purgative
Day blooming Jessamine (Cestrum diurnum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/874/q_image_thumb.png?1523454341)
toxic principles: calcinogenic glycoside (Vitamin D analog)
MOA/C.S.: hypercalcemia, lameness
calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, and ligaments, increased density of bones
Turkey berry (Solanum torvum)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/976/q_image_thumb.png?1523454432)
toxic principles: calcinogenic glycoside (Vitamin D analog)
MOA/C.S.: hypercalcemia, lameness
calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, and ligaments, increased density of bones
Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium)
![](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/241/962/992/q_image_thumb.png?1523454623)
Toxic principles: carboxy- atractyloside (sulfated glycoside)
CS/MOA: hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia