Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1B Final > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fungi: Generalities

A

1) filamentous
2) non-motile
3) cell wall contains chitin
4) make spores - individual cells capable of giving rise to a new organism
5) non-photosynthetic
6) asexual and sexual life cycles
7) live in their food, secrete enzymes to digest food and then absorb broken down compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

heterotrophic bacteria

A

allow fungi to “recycle”

decayers are essential to the continuation of a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hypha

A

filaments in fungi
many hypha = hyphae
many hyphae = mycelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

fungi: asexual reproduction

A

hyphae breaks into pieces –> new fungus

hyphae make spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

fungi: sexual life cycle

A

3 stages:
1) hyphae growing in soil - monokaryon or dikaryon after mating
2) dikaryons make up the mushroom
3) gills under mushroom –> fusion of the nuclei
genetic exchange –> meiosis, makes N spores
spores are dispersed to new areas to begin life cycle again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lichen

A

mutually symbiotic associations between fungi and alga
provides structure and protection, absorbs minerals
lichens secrete acid into rock, breaking it down and creating soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

algae

A

the first “plants” - 1.5 billion years ago
classifications: greens, reds, brown, yellows
based on - composition of cell wall, presence of flagella, unicellar (yellow) or multicellular (green/red/brown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

yellow algae

A

diatoms and dinoflagellates
single-celled
tend to grow along coasts in undisturbed waters
contribute to algal blooms - critical photosynthetic activity
silica embedded in cellulose cell wall, settle and accumulate at ocean bottom
diatomaceous earth - made up of shells/walls of diatoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

alternation of generations

A

alternation between haploid and diploid generations, fertilization is delayed
(2N) sporophytes undergo meiosis to produce (N) spores, which germinate to form new (N) gametophyte plants
(N) male and female gametophytes produce (N) male and female gametes
fertilization occurs
new 2N plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

problems with plants moving onto land

A

how to fertilize in environment lacking water (no longer buoyant)
support
transport of water from roots
gametes may dry out and die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

bryophytes

A

mosses, liverworts
no vascular system
1) gametophyte (N) is independent - the largest, photosynthetic
2) sporophyte (2N) - small, totally dependent on gametophyte
gametes released when water comes
protection for sperm: jacket of cells called antheridium
protection for egg: archegonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pteridophytes

A

ferns
main feature is the frond (specialized leaf-like structures)
on the frond - meiosis occurs to make spores (N)
spore-bearing leaves = sporophylls
male gamete has flagella
needs water for fertilization
(2N) sporophyte –> meiosis –> spores (N) –> gametophyte (N) –> gametes (N) –> new embryo (2N) –> (2N) sporophyte
independent sporophyte and gametophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

gymnosperms

A

cone-bearing plants, “naked seed”
cones house the female reproductive life cycle:
scales - produce spores, equivalent to megasporophyll
fertilization occurs when pollen from the male cone arrives at the female cone
embryo is surrounded by (N) gametophyte tissue
mature gametophyte = ovule (before fertilization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

summary

A

algae: alternation of generations, free-living sporophyte and gametophyte, flagellated gametes, no arch/anther, no seed
bryophytes: alternation of generations, free-living gametophyte only, flagellated games, arch/anther present, no seed
ferns: alternation of generations, free-living sporophyte and gametophyte, flagellated gametes, arch/anther present, no seed
gymnosperms: alternation of generations, free-living sporophyte only, no flagellated gametes, archegonium only, seed present
angiosperms: alternation of generations, free-living sporophyte only, no flagellated gametes, no arch/anther, seed present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

free-living sporophyte

A

algae, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

free-living gametophyte

A

algae, bryophytes, ferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

flagellated gametes

A

algae, ferns, bryophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

archegonium present

A

bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

antheridium present

A

bryophytes, ferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

seed present

A

gymnosperms, angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

angiosperms

A

“seed in a container” - distinguished by fruits, flowers
flower = determinate axis along which are arranged the floral organs
determinate = having a defined period of growth
double fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

flower: female reproductive parts

A

carpel: made up of stigma, style, ovary
petals and sepals are not fertile/reproductive
ovary –> houses megasporangium, which creates the N spores
megaspores will become new female gametophyte
inside ovules: 7 cells, 8 nuclei (polar nuclei are double) and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

flower: male reproductive parts

A

stamen: made up of anther and filament
anther makes male gametes (pollen nuclei), which eventually go to the stigma
microspores are made in anther through meiosis (anther is basically sporangium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

angiosperm fertilization

A

double fertilization!
pollen lands on stigma
recognition –> “germination”
2 nuclei move down a pollen tube to reach the ovary
1 sperm nucleus joins the egg to create the embryo, 1 sperm nucleus joins the polar nuclei to create the endosperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

angiosperm: fruit and flower

A 
fruit = modification of ovary wall
flower = attracts pollinators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

apical meristem

A

following embryogenesis, the formation of new cells and tissues becomes restricted to the apical meristem –> zones of high cell activity
meristems produce derivatives (cells) which contribute to an increase in length of plant axis - contrast to width
root apical meristem and shoot apical meristem
new cells: primary b/c they formed at apical meristems and make up primary plant body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

parenchyma

A

type of cells

1) alive when functional = have a membrane
2) thin wall
3) participate in repairing wounds
4) participate in photosynthesis
5) sites for storage (eg potato)

28
Q

collenchyma

A 
function in support (eg celery)
have thick cell walls to distinguish from parenchyma
29
Q

sclerenchyma

A

fibers - act in support, elongated cells which occur in bundles
sclereids - act in protection, usually dead when functional, round cells w/ very thick cell walls
have a compound (lignin) embedded in cell wall

30
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem - functions in water transport, cells are dead when functional (no membrane)
phloem - functions in transport of nutrients

31
Q

xylem

A

tracheids - found in gymnosperms and angiosperms
elongated, tapering cells which overlap one another
vessel elements - found only in angiosperms
very wide, have open end wall

32
Q

phloem

A

transports nutrients
alive when functional (has a membrane)
cell type = sieve element

33
Q

stomata

A

made up of guard cells + pore
guard cells - control size of pore
pore - allows CO2 in for photosynthesis but also allows H2O to leave

34
Q

root functions

A

1) anchorage/support of plant
2) storage organ (starch, sometimes sugars)
3) site of absorption of water and minerals
4) symbiotic association with microorganisms

35
Q

roots: eudicots vs monocots

A

following seed germination -

eudicots: primary root (taproot) - grows straight down
monocots: primary root is short-lived and gets replaced by finer, netlike roots (fibrous) - no root is dominant

36
Q

root cap

A

found at the very tip of the root

1) protects root apical meristem
2) produces a lubricant (slime)
3) site of gravity perception in the root

37
Q

gravity perception in roots

A

statocytes in root cap - starch, bound by a membrane

heavy, helps roots grow downward

38
Q

symplastic vs apoplastic

A

symplastic - path crosses membranes
apoplastic - path includes cell walls and intercellular spaces, no membrane crossing
decision to acquire a compound is made at the membrane

39
Q

Casparian strip

A

made of suberin
embedded in cell wall of epidermis
water-impervious

40
Q

primary shoot system

A

stem - nodes, internodes
leaves - petiole, blade
flowers, fruits - primary tissues (origins traced directly to apical meristem)

41
Q

cross section of the stem: eudicot vs monocot

A

eudicot - pith (parenchyma cells) at the center, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, phloem toward outside and vessel elements toward inside
monocot - no pith, vascular bundles are scattered with no specific xylem or phloem orientation

42
Q

leaf: eudicot vs monocot

A

eudicot - prominent midvein (vascular tissue), netlike venation
monocot - no prominent midvein, usually parallel veins

43
Q

primary growth

A

extension/elongation of the plant axis
as time passes in a eudicot, a new layer of cells extends from the vascular cambium and the xylem and phloem eventually separate

44
Q

vascular cambium

A

new meristem, makes cells to its inside and outside

needs to enlarge in circumference as it produces new cells to its inside

45
Q

results of secondary growth from vascular cambium (eudicots)

A

1) primary phloem is pushed to outside
2) primary xylem is pushed to inside
3) new cells produced to inside - secondary xylem (wood)
4) new cells produced to outside - secondary phloem (bark)
in woody plants, annual rings will eventually form

46
Q

phototropism

A

movement in response to light
Darwins did experiments on this using the coleoptile of monocot seedlings, decided the coleoptile produced a plant growth regulator that later moved to the zone of growth/elongation

47
Q

auxin

A

major plant growth regulator

1) apical dominance - due to production of auxin (IAA) at shoot tip - branches do not grow out as much as plant grows up
2) vascular cambium activity
3) fruit development
4) root initiation –> stimulates pericycle
5) leaf fall = abscission (shorter day signals less auxin)
6) plant orientation

48
Q

auxin and plant orientation

A

if the plant is vertically oriented, there will be a uniform movement of auxin
if the plant is horizontally oriented, auxin will stimulate upward elongation at the shoot end but inhibit upward elongation at the root end (root grows down, shoot grows up)

49
Q

gibberellins

A 
second major plant growth regulator
effects:
1) stimulates cell elongation
2) affects flowering
3) has great commercial use - produces large flowers/fruit
4) controls maturity - juvenile or adult
50
Q

gibberellins and seed germination

A

monocot seed: aleurone layer surrounds endosperm

1) embryo perceives a change in the environment
2) embryo then makes gibberellin
3) gibberellin moves to aleurone layer
4) in aleurone, alpha-amylase produced
5) alpha amylase converts starch to sugar –> germination

51
Q

cytokinins

A

3rd group of PGRs - cytokinesis (cell division)
effects:
1) stimulate cell division
2) delay senescence (aging process)
3) in combination with auxin, can cause organ formation (more cyto and less auxin = shoots, more auxin and less cyto = roots)
4) overcome apical dominance

52
Q

ethylene

A

gas, 4th group of PGRs
effects:
1) promotes fruit ripening
2) autocatalytic (small amount of ethylene causes more to be made)
3) competes with CO2 for an important step in fruit ripening
increasing co2 slows the ripening process
4) promotes flowering in certain speices
5) delays flower senescence

53
Q

abscisic acid (ABA)

A

involved in overcoming stressed
if plant is growing in saline conditions - ABA will produce proteins to compensate
in seed germination - ABA is in seed coat
if it’s cold, ABA will gradually breakdown over the cold period until it is used up and the seed germinations –> way of “measuring” length of cold period
ABA will be washed out by rain, measures adequate water

54
Q

relevant properties of water molecule

A

1) polar with regard to charge
2) surface tension
3) evaporates liquid to gas –> hydrogen bonds break
depends on temperature and humidity (vapor pressure gradient)

55
Q

mass flow

A

movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
only difference from diffusion is that it is specific to wate

56
Q

diffusion

A

movement from high to low until distribution is equal (equilibrium)

57
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane of a substance

58
Q

incipient plasmolysis

A

point when the membrane pulls away from the cell wall
occurs because enough water has been removed: turgor pressure decreases, plant wilts
at IP, psi-p (turgor pressure) = 0

59
Q

role of the epidermal cell

A

in order for the guard cells to change turgor (and open/close the pore), potassium moves into/out of the cell from EC
if potassium goes into the guard cell, water will go in and turgor pressure will go up
if potassium leaves to the EC, water leaves and turgor pressure goes down

60
Q

notes on water potential

A

psi of pure water is 0
anything dissolved in water will make psi negative
psi-p is negative if it is tension (dead/no membrane) and 0 in an open vessel, but positive if it is turgor pressure (alive/membrane)
water will move from the less negative to the more negative psi

61
Q

transport in the xylem

A

water moves from the less negative roots up to the more negative parts of the plant
transpiration is the driving force: water leaving the pores is what makes psi negative in the leaves and draws water up from the roots

62
Q

transport in the phloem

A

1) sugars are moved from the site of photosynthesis into the phloem
2) turgor pressure increases at the region where the sugars are added
3) at the bottom of the phloem, sugars move into storage cells - turgor pressure decreases at the bottom, as water leaves the phloem
mass flow of liquid in sieve element

63
Q

mobile nutrients

A

symptoms show first in older leaves, while younger leaves look good
nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium

64
Q

immobile nutrients

A

symptoms show first in younger leaves, while older leaves look good
iron, calcium

65
Q

shoot apical meristem during flowering

A

when a plant transitions to flowering -

1) SAM stops producing leaves
2) SAM enlarges
3) begins to make the organs that comprise the flower

66
Q

ABC model of flowering

A 
A, B, C are genes
A = sepals
A + B = petals
B + C = carpels
C = stamen

Biology 1B Final (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions