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Toxicology > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Arum Family (Chinese Evergreen, Dumbcane, Philodendron, Skunk Cabbage, Calla Lily)

A

Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

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2
Q

Umbrella Tree, Fishtail Palm

A

Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

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3
Q

MoA: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

A

Needle-shaped crystals penetrate oral mucosa. Histamine release. Rarely, suffocation.

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4
Q

Halogeton, Greasewood, Pigweed, Beet, Rhubarb, Sorrel, Purslane

A

Soluble Oxalates

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5
Q

Ponderosa Pine, Monterey Cypress

A

Isocupressic Acid

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6
Q

MoA: Isocupressic Acid

A

Vasoconstriction and decreased uterine blood flow stiulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

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7
Q

St John’s Wort, Buckwheat

A

Quinones

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8
Q

MoA: Quinones

A

Primary photosensitization. Erythema, puritis, edema, necrosis of skin

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9
Q

Oak Tree, Pride of Barbados

A

Tannic Acid

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10
Q

MoA: Tannic Acid

A

Tissue damage to GI and Kidneys.

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11
Q

Clinical Signs: Tannic Acid

A

Cattle: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony

Monogastrics: colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, icterus

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12
Q

Latana, Yellow Sage, Vervain

A

Triterpene acids

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13
Q

MoA: Triterpene acids

A

Liver damage, cholestasis, and hepatogenic photosensitization.

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14
Q

Clinical Signs: Triterpene acids

A

depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis, sloughing

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15
Q

Autumn Crocus, Glory Lily

A

Colchicine

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16
Q

MoA: Colchicine

A

Anti-mitotic

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17
Q

Clinical Signs: Colchicine

A

GI: stomatitis, nausea, V/D, GI hemorrhage. CV: hypotension, arrhythmias. Respiratory, renal, hepatic failure. Seizure and neuronal signs.

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18
Q

Buttercup family: Larkspur, Monkshood

A

Diterpene alkaloids

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19
Q

MoA: Diterpene alkaloids

A

Blockade of nicotinic receptors at muscle endplate. Sudden death in cattle. Muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse. Cardiac arrhythmias.

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20
Q

Treatment: Diterpene alkaloids

A

Physostigmine or neostigmine as antidote

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21
Q

Ergot

A

Ergot alkaloids

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22
Q

MoA: Ergot alkaloids

A

Vasoconstriction, gangrene, uterine contraction

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23
Q

Locoweeds, milkvetches

A

Indolizine alkaloids

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24
Q

MoA: Indolizine Alkaloids

A

Inhibit lysosomal enzyme for formation of glycoproteins. Neurotoxic alkaloids. Alteration of cellular function in brain, endocrine, repro organs, heart, immune system.

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25
Q

Amaryllis Family (Narcissus, kaffir lily, spider lily, Barbados lily, Zephyr Lily)

A

Lycorine

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26
Q

MoA: Lycorine

A

Emetic and purgative. Anorexia, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension. Muscle tremors and seizures with large amounts

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27
Q

Poisonous mushroom

A

Muscarine

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28
Q

Muscarine

A

Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. CNS stimulation

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29
Q

Poison hemlock, Lupines, Tobacco, Tree Tobacco, Coyote Tobacco

A

Piperidine alkaloids

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30
Q

MoA: Piperidine alkaloids

A

Nicotinic effects. Starts with stimulation progressing to blockade. Ataxia, incoordination, birth defects.

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31
Q

Nightshade (Tobacco, Tree tobacco, Lobelia)

A

Pyridine alkaloids

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32
Q

MoA: Pyridine Alkaloids

A

Act on nicotinic receptors. Low dose=depolarize. High dose=blockade. Rapid onset. Excitation, salivation, lacrimation, V/D, tachypnea, dyspnea. Muscle twitching and weakness. Death due to respiratory failure.

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33
Q

Rattlebox, senecio, groundsel, ragwort

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids

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34
Q

MoA: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

A

Hepatotoxic

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35
Q

Nightshade Family (black nightshade, american nightshade, eggplant, tomato, Turkey berry, chalice vine, Chinese Lantern)

A

Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids

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36
Q

MoA: Solanine and Solanidine

A

GI, CNS, respiratory, cardiac

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37
Q

Japanese Yew

A

Taxine alkaloids

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38
Q

MoA: Taxine alkaloids

A

cardiotoxic and GI

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39
Q

Angel’s Trumpet, Devil’s trumpet, Henbane

A

Tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)

40
Q

Cocoa, Coffee

A

Xanthine alkaloids

41
Q

MoA: Xanthine alkaloids

A

caffeine, theophylline, theobromine. Block adenosine receptors, inhibits phosphodiesterase

42
Q

Cascara sagrada, buckthorn, coffee weed, senna

A

Anthraquinones

43
Q

MoA: Anthraquinones

A

purgative. Coffee weed causes muscle degeneration and myoglobinuria which can cause kidney damage. Horses die of liver failure.

44
Q

Day-blooming Jessamine, Turkey berry

A

Calcinogenic glycosides

45
Q

Calcinogenic Glycosides

A

Hypercalcemia, calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, ligaments. Increased bone density- lameness

46
Q

Cocklebur

A

Carboxyatracyloside

47
Q

MoA: Carboxyatracyloside

A

Hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia

48
Q

Digitalis, Oleander, Periwinkle, Desert Rose, Plumeria, Milkweed, Purple allamanda, Lily-of-the-Valley, Christmas kallanchoe

A

Cardiac glycosides

49
Q

MoA: Cardiac glycosides

A

Cardiotoxic, inhibiting NaK ATPase. GI irritation.

50
Q

Sweet Clover

A

Coumarin glycosides

51
Q

Coumarin Glycosides

A

form dicoumarol in spoiled plants. Hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K, deficiency of coags II, VII, IX, X

52
Q

Wild cherries, Johnson grass, Sudan grass, sorghum, Elderberry

A

Cyanogenic glycosides

53
Q

MoA: cyanogenic glycosides

A

release HCN in damaged plants.

Acute: Inhibition of cellular respiration and irritation of mucous membranes.

Chronic: renal degeneration

54
Q

Cycad family (sago palm, Japanese cycad), cardboard palm, coontie

A

3 toxins. Cycasin- GI irritation, liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic. BMAA- neurotoxic amino acid. Unknown toxin causes axonal degeneration in CNS

55
Q

Clinical signs: cycads

A

GI, liver disease, ataxia, V/D +/- blood, anorexia, depression, seizures. Sheep- GI. Cattle- neuronal

56
Q

Milkvetch, violets, lotus, indigo

A

Nitropropanol glycoside

57
Q

MoA: Nitropropanol glycoside

A

Inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle. Respiratory and neurological signs in cattle and sheep. Neurological signs in horses and rodents

58
Q

White clover, alfalfa

A

Phytoestrogens

59
Q

MoA: Phytoestrogens

A

Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males.

60
Q

Buttercup (anemone, ranunculus, Helleborus)

A

Protoanemonin

61
Q

MoA: Protoanemonin

A

severe GI irritation and dermatitis

62
Q

Bracken Fern

A

Ptaquiloside

63
Q

MoA: Ptaquiloside

A

Death of bone marrow- aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep. Neoplasm in UT. Tumors of upper GI and retinal degeneration in sheep. Anorexia, hemorrhage, hematuria, anemia, tachycardia, death.

64
Q

Agave, Nolina, Panicum

A

Steroidal saponins

65
Q

MoA: steroidal saponins

A

Liver damage, hepatogenic photosensitization.

66
Q

Cottonseed

A

Gossypol

67
Q

MoA: Gossypol

A

Cardiotoxic, secondary liver damage. Destroys semininferous tubules- infertility. Causes protein malnutrition, inhibits enzymes, interferes hemoglobin synthesis. Poisoning is chronic. Signs of cardiac toxicity. Monogastrics more sensitive

68
Q

Clover

A

Copper- liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia

69
Q

Aster, Princess Plume, Goldenwood, Paintbrush, Saltbush, Alfalfa, Sorghum

A

Selenium-

acute: GI irritation, respiratory signs
chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities

70
Q

Pigweed, oats, Johnson grass, sorghum, corn, beet, sweet clover, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower

A

Nitrate-

Acute: GI irritation, metheglobinemia, respiratory insufficiency

Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy, abortion, reduced performance

71
Q

Mustard

A

Dimethyl disulfide

72
Q

MoA: Dimethyl disulfide

A

Oxidation of RBCs to Heinz bodies. Anemia, depression, hemoglobinemia, icterus, cyanosis

73
Q

Spurge family (candelabra cactus, crown of thorns, poinsettia, pencil tree, manchineel, sandbox, physicnut)

A

Diterpene esters

74
Q

MoA: Diterpene esters

A

Direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, cell damage, enzyme dysfunction. Irritation and blistering of skin and mm= salivation, V/D +/- blood. Mild in small animals, severe in large, esp horses.

75
Q

Heath family (rhododendron, azalea, sheep laurel, dog laurel, staggerbush)

A

Grayanotoxins

76
Q

MoA: Grayanotoxins

A

Bind to sodium channels, cause depolarization. Excess salivation, V/D, colic. Depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures. Death d/t aspiration pneumonia.

77
Q

Castor bean, precatory bean, coral plant, black locust, soybean, kidney bean, black bean, pinto bean

A

Lectin (phytotoxins, toxalbumins).

Ricin and abrin. Inhibit cellular protein synthesis. GI signs- hemorrhagic gastrogenteritis

78
Q

Chinaberry

A

Meliatoxins. Tetranortriterpenes, alkaloid, resin. Enterotoxic, neurotoxic. GI signs +/- blood. CNS signs. Death d/t respiratory failure.

79
Q

Onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek

A

Propyl disulfide. Free radicals damage RBCs- Heinz bodies. Anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion.

80
Q

Horsebrush, Sagebrush (Sunflower family)

A

Tetradymol

81
Q

MoA: Tetradymol

A

Liver damge, photosensitization.

82
Q

Horsetail, Bracken Fern

A

Thiaminase. Destroys Vit B1- neurotoxic.

83
Q

Alfalfa, holly, ivy, pokeweed

A

Triterpenoid saponins

84
Q

MoA: Triterpenoid saponins

A

Direct irritation of GI mucosa. Salivation, anorexia, V/D, colic, hypothermia.

85
Q

Milkweed, Marijuana, Chinaberry

A

Resins. Irritation of nervous/muscle tissue

86
Q

Alsike clover, red clover.

A

Hepatotoxicity, secondary photosensitization in horses. Lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, edema, necrosis of skin.

87
Q

Avocado

A

Cardiotoxic in goats, horses, rabbits, birds. Noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cows, horses, goats, rabbits.

88
Q

Black walnut

A

Laminitis

89
Q

Moldy alfalfa, moldy wheat, red clover

A

Photosensitization

90
Q

Grapes and raisins

A

Renal failure in dogs. GI signs including vomiting.

91
Q

Lily family (Easter, Tiger, Day)

A

Unknown- renal toxicity in cats. GI irritation in cats and dogs. Salivation, vomiting, depression, anorexia. Polyuria, anuria, death.

92
Q

Pigweed

A

nitrate poisoning: methemoglobinemia, abortion. Soluble oxalates: hypocalcemia, kidney damage. Unknown: renal tubular nephrosis. Hypocalcemia.

93
Q

Red maple

A

Dried leaves= hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia and Heinz bodies in horses.

94
Q

Yellow starthistle and Russian knappweed (Sunflower)

A

ENE “chewing disease” in horses. Sesquiterpene lactones, aspartic acid, glutamic acid. Death of dopaminergic neurons. Can’t eat or drink, drowsiness, head down, dehydration.

95
Q

Macadamia nuts

A

Unknown. Weakness, depression, ataxia, depression, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale mm.

96
Q

Cactus, Jimsonweed, Cocklebur

A

Mechanical Damage. Thorns, spines, irritating hairs

Toxicology (2 decks)

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