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Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Arum Family (Chinese Evergreen, Dumbcane, Philodendron, Skunk Cabbage, Calla Lily)

A

Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

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2
Q

Umbrella Tree, Fishtail Palm

A

Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

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3
Q

MoA: Insoluble Calcium Oxalate

A

Needle-shaped crystals penetrate oral mucosa. Histamine release. Rarely, suffocation.

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4
Q

Halogeton, Greasewood, Pigweed, Beet, Rhubarb, Sorrel, Purslane

A

Soluble Oxalates

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5
Q

Ponderosa Pine, Monterey Cypress

A

Isocupressic Acid

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6
Q

MoA: Isocupressic Acid

A

Vasoconstriction and decreased uterine blood flow stiulates release of fetal cortisol and abortion

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7
Q

St John’s Wort, Buckwheat

A

Quinones

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8
Q

MoA: Quinones

A

Primary photosensitization. Erythema, puritis, edema, necrosis of skin

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9
Q

Oak Tree, Pride of Barbados

A

Tannic Acid

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10
Q

MoA: Tannic Acid

A

Tissue damage to GI and Kidneys.

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11
Q

Clinical Signs: Tannic Acid

A

Cattle: constipation, brown urine, anorexia, depression, rumen atony

Monogastrics: colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea, hemoglobinuria, icterus

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12
Q

Latana, Yellow Sage, Vervain

A

Triterpene acids

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13
Q

MoA: Triterpene acids

A

Liver damage, cholestasis, and hepatogenic photosensitization.

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14
Q

Clinical Signs: Triterpene acids

A

depression, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, icterus, photophobia, erythema of skin, swelling, necrosis, sloughing

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15
Q

Autumn Crocus, Glory Lily

A

Colchicine

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16
Q

MoA: Colchicine

A

Anti-mitotic

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17
Q

Clinical Signs: Colchicine

A

GI: stomatitis, nausea, V/D, GI hemorrhage. CV: hypotension, arrhythmias. Respiratory, renal, hepatic failure. Seizure and neuronal signs.

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18
Q

Buttercup family: Larkspur, Monkshood

A

Diterpene alkaloids

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19
Q

MoA: Diterpene alkaloids

A

Blockade of nicotinic receptors at muscle endplate. Sudden death in cattle. Muscle weakness, stiffness, staggering, bloating, recumbency, collapse. Cardiac arrhythmias.

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20
Q

Treatment: Diterpene alkaloids

A

Physostigmine or neostigmine as antidote

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21
Q

Ergot

A

Ergot alkaloids

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22
Q

MoA: Ergot alkaloids

A

Vasoconstriction, gangrene, uterine contraction

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23
Q

Locoweeds, milkvetches

A

Indolizine alkaloids

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24
Q

MoA: Indolizine Alkaloids

A

Inhibit lysosomal enzyme for formation of glycoproteins. Neurotoxic alkaloids. Alteration of cellular function in brain, endocrine, repro organs, heart, immune system.

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25
Amaryllis Family (Narcissus, kaffir lily, spider lily, Barbados lily, Zephyr Lily)
Lycorine
26
MoA: Lycorine
Emetic and purgative. Anorexia, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension. Muscle tremors and seizures with large amounts
27
Poisonous mushroom
Muscarine
28
Muscarine
Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. CNS stimulation
29
Poison hemlock, Lupines, Tobacco, Tree Tobacco, Coyote Tobacco
Piperidine alkaloids
30
MoA: Piperidine alkaloids
Nicotinic effects. Starts with stimulation progressing to blockade. Ataxia, incoordination, birth defects.
31
Nightshade (Tobacco, Tree tobacco, Lobelia)
Pyridine alkaloids
32
MoA: Pyridine Alkaloids
Act on nicotinic receptors. Low dose=depolarize. High dose=blockade. Rapid onset. Excitation, salivation, lacrimation, V/D, tachypnea, dyspnea. Muscle twitching and weakness. Death due to respiratory failure.
33
Rattlebox, senecio, groundsel, ragwort
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
34
MoA: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Hepatotoxic
35
Nightshade Family (black nightshade, american nightshade, eggplant, tomato, Turkey berry, chalice vine, Chinese Lantern)
Solanine and Solanidine alkaloids
36
MoA: Solanine and Solanidine
GI, CNS, respiratory, cardiac
37
Japanese Yew
Taxine alkaloids
38
MoA: Taxine alkaloids
cardiotoxic and GI
39
Angel's Trumpet, Devil's trumpet, Henbane
Tropane alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine)
40
Cocoa, Coffee
Xanthine alkaloids
41
MoA: Xanthine alkaloids
caffeine, theophylline, theobromine. Block adenosine receptors, inhibits phosphodiesterase
42
Cascara sagrada, buckthorn, coffee weed, senna
Anthraquinones
43
MoA: Anthraquinones
purgative. Coffee weed causes muscle degeneration and myoglobinuria which can cause kidney damage. Horses die of liver failure.
44
Day-blooming Jessamine, Turkey berry
Calcinogenic glycosides
45
Calcinogenic Glycosides
Hypercalcemia, calcification of elastic tissues of arteries, tendons, ligaments. Increased bone density- lameness
46
Cocklebur
Carboxyatracyloside
47
MoA: Carboxyatracyloside
Hepatotoxicity, excessive salivation, renal damage, hypoglycemia
48
Digitalis, Oleander, Periwinkle, Desert Rose, Plumeria, Milkweed, Purple allamanda, Lily-of-the-Valley, Christmas kallanchoe
Cardiac glycosides
49
MoA: Cardiac glycosides
Cardiotoxic, inhibiting NaK ATPase. GI irritation.
50
Sweet Clover
Coumarin glycosides
51
Coumarin Glycosides
form dicoumarol in spoiled plants. Hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K, deficiency of coags II, VII, IX, X
52
Wild cherries, Johnson grass, Sudan grass, sorghum, Elderberry
Cyanogenic glycosides
53
MoA: cyanogenic glycosides
release HCN in damaged plants. Acute: Inhibition of cellular respiration and irritation of mucous membranes. Chronic: renal degeneration
54
Cycad family (sago palm, Japanese cycad), cardboard palm, coontie
3 toxins. Cycasin- GI irritation, liver damage, teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic. BMAA- neurotoxic amino acid. Unknown toxin causes axonal degeneration in CNS
55
Clinical signs: cycads
GI, liver disease, ataxia, V/D +/- blood, anorexia, depression, seizures. Sheep- GI. Cattle- neuronal
56
Milkvetch, violets, lotus, indigo
Nitropropanol glycoside
57
MoA: Nitropropanol glycoside
Inhibits enzymes of the Krebs cycle. Respiratory and neurological signs in cattle and sheep. Neurological signs in horses and rodents
58
White clover, alfalfa
Phytoestrogens
59
MoA: Phytoestrogens
Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females and males.
60
Buttercup (anemone, ranunculus, Helleborus)
Protoanemonin
61
MoA: Protoanemonin
severe GI irritation and dermatitis
62
Bracken Fern
Ptaquiloside
63
MoA: Ptaquiloside
Death of bone marrow- aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep. Neoplasm in UT. Tumors of upper GI and retinal degeneration in sheep. Anorexia, hemorrhage, hematuria, anemia, tachycardia, death.
64
Agave, Nolina, Panicum
Steroidal saponins
65
MoA: steroidal saponins
Liver damage, hepatogenic photosensitization.
66
Cottonseed
Gossypol
67
MoA: Gossypol
Cardiotoxic, secondary liver damage. Destroys semininferous tubules- infertility. Causes protein malnutrition, inhibits enzymes, interferes hemoglobin synthesis. Poisoning is chronic. Signs of cardiac toxicity. Monogastrics more sensitive
68
Clover
Copper- liver damage, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia
69
Aster, Princess Plume, Goldenwood, Paintbrush, Saltbush, Alfalfa, Sorghum
Selenium- acute: GI irritation, respiratory signs chronic: hoof and hair abnormalities
70
Pigweed, oats, Johnson grass, sorghum, corn, beet, sweet clover, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower
Nitrate- Acute: GI irritation, metheglobinemia, respiratory insufficiency Chronic: decreased progesterone during pregnancy, abortion, reduced performance
71
Mustard
Dimethyl disulfide
72
MoA: Dimethyl disulfide
Oxidation of RBCs to Heinz bodies. Anemia, depression, hemoglobinemia, icterus, cyanosis
73
Spurge family (candelabra cactus, crown of thorns, poinsettia, pencil tree, manchineel, sandbox, physicnut)
Diterpene esters
74
MoA: Diterpene esters
Direct irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, cell damage, enzyme dysfunction. Irritation and blistering of skin and mm= salivation, V/D +/- blood. Mild in small animals, severe in large, esp horses.
75
Heath family (rhododendron, azalea, sheep laurel, dog laurel, staggerbush)
Grayanotoxins
76
MoA: Grayanotoxins
Bind to sodium channels, cause depolarization. Excess salivation, V/D, colic. Depression, recumbency, tachycardia, tachypnea, seizures. Death d/t aspiration pneumonia.
77
Castor bean, precatory bean, coral plant, black locust, soybean, kidney bean, black bean, pinto bean
Lectin (phytotoxins, toxalbumins). | Ricin and abrin. Inhibit cellular protein synthesis. GI signs- hemorrhagic gastrogenteritis
78
Chinaberry
Meliatoxins. Tetranortriterpenes, alkaloid, resin. Enterotoxic, neurotoxic. GI signs +/- blood. CNS signs. Death d/t respiratory failure.
79
Onion, garlic, shallots, chives, leek
Propyl disulfide. Free radicals damage RBCs- Heinz bodies. Anorexia, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnea, icterus, onion odor, abortion.
80
Horsebrush, Sagebrush (Sunflower family)
Tetradymol
81
MoA: Tetradymol
Liver damge, photosensitization.
82
Horsetail, Bracken Fern
Thiaminase. Destroys Vit B1- neurotoxic.
83
Alfalfa, holly, ivy, pokeweed
Triterpenoid saponins
84
MoA: Triterpenoid saponins
Direct irritation of GI mucosa. Salivation, anorexia, V/D, colic, hypothermia.
85
Milkweed, Marijuana, Chinaberry
Resins. Irritation of nervous/muscle tissue
86
Alsike clover, red clover.
Hepatotoxicity, secondary photosensitization in horses. Lacrimation, photophobia, erythema, edema, necrosis of skin.
87
Avocado
Cardiotoxic in goats, horses, rabbits, birds. Noninfectious mastitis and agalactica in cows, horses, goats, rabbits.
88
Black walnut
Laminitis
89
Moldy alfalfa, moldy wheat, red clover
Photosensitization
90
Grapes and raisins
Renal failure in dogs. GI signs including vomiting.
91
Lily family (Easter, Tiger, Day)
Unknown- renal toxicity in cats. GI irritation in cats and dogs. Salivation, vomiting, depression, anorexia. Polyuria, anuria, death.
92
Pigweed
nitrate poisoning: methemoglobinemia, abortion. Soluble oxalates: hypocalcemia, kidney damage. Unknown: renal tubular nephrosis. Hypocalcemia.
93
Red maple
Dried leaves= hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia and Heinz bodies in horses.
94
Yellow starthistle and Russian knappweed (Sunflower)
ENE "chewing disease" in horses. Sesquiterpene lactones, aspartic acid, glutamic acid. Death of dopaminergic neurons. Can't eat or drink, drowsiness, head down, dehydration.
95
Macadamia nuts
Unknown. Weakness, depression, ataxia, depression, tremors, hyperthermia, lameness, recumbency, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, pale mm.
96
Cactus, Jimsonweed, Cocklebur
Mechanical Damage. Thorns, spines, irritating hairs

Toxicology (2 decks)

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