Plants Flashcards
In regards to insouluble ca oxalate what part of the plant is toxic and how does toxicity happen?
All parts of the plants are toxic and the animal MUST CHEW the plant to release ca oxalate
This plant causes milk fever in sheep, hypocalcemia and tetany in the ACUTE phase and can be a selenium indicator.
Halogeton- soluble oxalate
Does the presence of Ca in the diet increase or decrease toxicity in soluble oxalate toxicity?
Decreases
Halogeten, greasewood and pigweed are part of what group of plants?
Soluble oxalate
Which species are most susceptible to soluble oxalate poisoning?
Sheep
MOA of soluble oxalate
Hypocalcemia, kidney damage or hypocalcemia/ tetany in acute which affects bone and milk production
What part of the soluble oxalates its the most toxic?
Leaves
Rhubarb is part of which group of plants
Soluble oxalate- names are like veggies and meats
Ponderosa pine and Monterey cypress are part of this toxic group?
Isocupressic acids
Moa of isocupressic acids?
Vasoconstriction decreasing uterine blood flow can cause abortion in cattle
These two plants competitively block nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare?
Larkspur, delphinium, monkshade, aconite
Treatment of diterpene alkaloid toxicosis?
Physotigmine
This plant can look like PCP toxicosis?
Ergot poisioning
Moa of ergot toxicosis?
Vasoconstriction and gangrene uterine contraction and abortion
This plant causes PRIMARY photsensitization
St. Johns wort
MOA of tannic acids? In cattle and monogastircs
Cattle:GI AND KIDNEY BROWN URINE, constipation, anorexia, rumen , atony
Monogastrics: GI colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea,
Two plants that are tannic acids?
Oak tree, and pride of barbados
Titerpene acid plant?
Lantana yellow sage
MOA of yellow sage? Which species is RESITANT?
Horses resistant
Liver damage and photosensitization
depression, anorexia, icterus , skin signs bla bla bla
These plants are anti mitotic and involve many organs?
Colchicum autumnale and gloriosa superb
What in the locoweed causes neuronal degeneration?
Nitropropanalol
Signs of locoweed toxicity?
Neurologic signs and selenium causes abnormal hoof and hair
Which is the cardiotoxic alkaloid ?
Monkshade
What is the most toxic part of lycorine plants? And Moa?
Emetic/ Purgative and The bulb is the most toxic
The group is mostly lilies
Name this muscarenic plant and its Moa?
Mushrooms. Stimulate muscarinic cholinergic receptors and CNS stimulation
Treatment of eating shrooms?
Atropine
Moa of piperidine alkaloids?
Nicotinic starting with ganglionic and nm stimulation followed by ganglionic and NMB . Prevents fetal mvmt resulting in birth defects
Name the plants which are piperidine alkaloids?
YOU SMOKE TOBACCO IN A PIPE-Coyote tobacco, tree tobacco, nicotiana, lupines and conium maculatum
Pyridine Alkaloids - Nicotine and lobeline. What happens in low and high doses?
Low: depolarization
Large: Blockade
What causes death in nicotine and lobe line toxicosis?
Respiratory failure
***Two plants that are a Pyrrolizidine alkaloid?
Rattlebox/crotolaria and ragwort
CS of Rattlebox and ragwort?**
Hepatoxic and tenesmus*, liver failure, conclusions, incoordination
What plant has a MOA similar to atropine?
Nightshade
What part of the solanine and solanidine are toxic?
The dark berries and green veggies or fruits
This plant is cardiotoxic and has a similar MOA to digitalis?
Yew- Taxine
Tropane alkaloids include which plants?
Tropane sounds like TRUMPET and the other plant is henbane
MOA of tropane plants?
Antimuscarenic- mydrasis, tachycardia, constipation, dry mouth
Antidote for tropane plants?
physotigmine
Moa of xanthine alkaloids and what two plants
Cocoa and Coffee- Block adenosine receptors inhibiting phosphodiesterase
***Plant that shows signs of Vitamin D toxicosis
Calcinogenic glycoside - vitamin D analog which is Cestrum diurum. Causes lameness and hypercalcemia
***Anthraquinoes - (Senna) causes this in horses? Senna MOA?
Horses die of liver failure
Skin and cardiac mm degeneration kidney damage BROWN urine
Two other antrhaquinones?
ALOE** and buckthron which are both purgatives
Cocklebur causes this ?
Carboxy-atractyloside which causes hepato toxicity and injures the mouth causing hyper salivation
*****This plant has digitalis effects
oleander is cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K atpase
Cardiac Glycosides he stressed?
Foxglove, lilly of the valley, milkweed , butterfly weed, periwinkle
**Form dicumarol in spoiled plants. Inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase resultion in deficiency of coag factos 2,7,9,10?
What is antidote??
Sweet clover
Vit K1 or whole blood
Cyanogenic glycosides do this in the chronic phase?
wild cherries, sorghum and elderberries
Chronic:* Neuronal degeneration and anti thyroid effect
*Release HCN or Hydrolysis
Acute: Inhibit cytochrome oxidase and inhibit cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibit citric acid and glycolysis
3 Toxins that Cyasin have
- Glycoside that causes go irritation and liver damage, tetraogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic
- Beta methl….. BMMA- neurotoxic amino acid
- Unknown may cause neuronal damage in CNS
Cysasin- the palms
clinical signs in dogs, sheep and cattle?
Dogs: Gi, liver, seizures v/d, anorexia and depression
Sheep: GI and weight loss
Cattle :** neuronal zammers staggers
Glucosinolate plants- brassica, soybeans, flax
Antithyroid
Nitropropanalol glycosides CS?
Cattle/sheep
Horse and Rats
Milkvetch was stressed also violets, lotus, indigo
Cattle and Sheep: Respiratory and Neuro signs ,cracker heels or roaring ds.
Horses and Rats- Neuro signs
Phytoestrogens MOA- white clover, subterranean, alfalfa
Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females
Plant that causes aplastic anemia and **enzootic hematuria?
Bracken fern -ptaquiloside
Protoanemonin?
Buttercup- severe irritation of GI muscosa
MOA of steroidal Saponins?
Hepatic photosensitization
Agave, bear grass and grass family
Is gossypol toxicity acute or chronic?
CHRONIC monogastrics most sensitive CARDIOTOXIC and secondary liver damage, MALE INFERTILITY
***Princess plume is what type of plant and lives where and indicates what?
Selenium indicator and Western US
Milk vetch is associated with what toxicity?
Selenium
Acute vs Chronic Selenium toxicosis
Acute: GI and Resp signs
Chronic: Hoof and Hair
This extremely toxic plant initially causes abdominal pain and vomiting in monogastrics followed by digitalis effects?
Oleander
Soluble oxalate poisoning is associated with which plant?
halogeton
Pigweed, oats, swet clover and alfalfa are associated with which mineral?
Nitrate
***What happens in acute nitrate toxicosis?
Nitrate is reduced to nitrite-> oxidation of ferrous iron with high hb to ferric iron and forms METHEMOGLOBIN
What happens when nitrite reduces hemoglobin to the ferrous state
Methemoglobin forms
Which poisonous plants is MOST likely associated with neurotoxicity and causes neuronal vacoulation
locoweed
This extremely toxic plant initially causes abdominal pain and vomiting in monogastric animals, followed by digitalis-like effects?
Oleander
This plant made by heinz causes heinz body anemia ?
Mustards
Diterpene esters have what MOA?
Activate protein kinase C which damages cells Diterpenoid esters also cause direct irritation of the skin and MM
Which animal has severe signs from diterpene esters?
Horses
Important diterene esters stressed?
Cactus, poinsettia, X-mas candle and crouton.
Grayantoxins which are important ?
Rhodendrone and azalea - cause granny likes those kind of plants
MOA of grayantoxis?
Bind to Na channels in exicitable cells which increases permeability and depolarization , irritation of GI mucosa
CS of grayantoxins?
Think about when gran gets sick: respiratory problems, death from aspiration pneumonia, gi signs etc
Which of the following plants is very toxic because it has a phytotoxin?
Castor bean
CS from castor beans? or other phytotoxins- coral plant, precatory bean, other beans which are raw, black locust and sandbox tree
GI signs including hemorrhage
MOA of phytotoxins
RICIN AND ABRIN are glycoproteins . they inhibit cellular protein synthesis
Meliatoxin- chinaberry is a ______ and ______ plant.
Cytoxic- entertoxic, neurotoxic
death from respiratory failure
Propyl disulfides MOA
they are the onion family and produce free radicals damaging RBC membranes and form heinz bodies
Which species are most susceptible to horse brush a tetradymol?
SHEEp- causes hepatogenic photosensitization . Anorexia, depression incoordination etc.
***Toxin that causes signs of thiamine vit B1 deficiency in mongastrics?
HorseTAIL NOT BRUSH-thaminase
**Signs of thiamine deficiency in the horse including loss of condition, incoordination, horse declined to move, knuckling of the fetlocks when walking, muscle twitches and covulsions are caused by chronic ingestion of ?
Bracken fern another thaminase
Triterpenoid saponins?
Alfalfa , holly both, pokeweed, ginseng cause direct irritation of the gi mucosa
Effect of Resinoids?
Irritation of nervous or muscle tissue
Marijuana, milkweeds, mahogany family
Two plants causing heptaotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses?
Asklike and red clover
Which species is avocado cardiotoxic in?
goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds also causes noninfectious mastitis and agalactia
Black walnuts cause what in who?
laminitis in horses- from bedding
Grapes cause renal failure in?
Dogs
Lilies cause renal failure in ?
Cats
Red maple causes_____in______?
Hemolytic anemia in horses
Which part of senna is most toxic and what in it is cathartic?
The seeds and anthraquinone is cathartic . Also cause skeletal muscle and cardio myopathy
This plant causes ENE or chewing disease?
In horses and caused by yellow starthistle
In dogs weakness in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors etc recovering in two days can be caused by?
Macadamia nuts
Signs of bufo intoxication?
First irritation of mm hyper salivation , brick red MM, vocalization and vomiting
Second- neuro signs
and then CV signs- tachycardia, arrhythmias, bradycardia,
also may cause hyperthermia
Treatment of bufo intoxication?
Seizure control, BB, lidocaine, activated charcoal, digoxin immune fab
Primary effect of snake bite from a pit viper?
hypocoagulation
Primary effect of snake bite from a coral snake?
neurotoxic
Clinical signs of Ammonia toxicity?
DISEASE OF RESP INSUFFICIENCY death due to asphyxia. Cyanosis, pulmonary edema, lung congestion
MOA of NH3
Direct irritant of MM increase susceptibility to resp infections, inhibits TCA and decreased growth in young
Most dangerous gas which smells like rotten eggs ?
Hydrogen sulfide
What species is least sensitive to hydrogen sulfide toxicity?
Chickens
Lesions of H2S?
blood is dark and may not clot, tissues may be dark or greenish purple
CS of low and high concentrations of H2S?
Low= irritation to eyes , reps and mucosa
Large= sudden collapse cyanosis and dypsnea
CO CS?
Sudden death due to suffocation -anoxemia it combines with HB preventing it from carrying o2 ! , blood bright read, hypoxia , incoordination , still births
NO Gas is what color?***
Reddish brown! Mixture - N2O4 is yellow/brown
Sign of NO gas?
FOUND ON TOP OF SILAGE . Animal house develops chlorine odor and air is hazy and yellow
Treatment of NO gas?
METHYLENE BLUE IV
Sulfur oxide moa?
irritation of MM and causes reflex bronchoconstriction and lung damage death from hypoxia.
Smoke Inhalation is more likely to effect old or young animals?
old usually die
can burn respiratory tract.
Determinants of respiratory injury from smoke inhalation?
Solubility
High= upper airways, injures mucosa and there is edema
Low= slower reaction and delayed effect
Most serious systemic agent of smoke inhalation?
Carbon monoxide
. Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide both?
. cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization
Sodium nitrite IV is useful in the treatment of?
Cyanide and H2S
Most toxic part of nitrates?
The stalk and young plants are more toxic
MOA of nitrates? ACUTE VS CHRONIC
Acute: Ferrous iron to ferric and conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in -doesnt carry o2
Chronic: Abortion dt progesterone
Lesions of nitrate?
CHOCOLATE BROWN BLOOD
Best specimen for nitrate?
occular fluid specimen of choice
TX of nitrate?
Methelene blue
Nitrite 10x more toxic than NITRATE
fun fact
Chronic poisoning with which of the following is MOST likely to cause abortion in cattle due to decrease in progesterone production?
Nitrate
Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide both?
cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization
A toxicant that causes very rapid death, has a characteristic odor, and causes bright red mucous membranes and cherry red blood is ?
Cyanide
Signs of chronic cyanide poisoning in horses are MAINLY due to ?
d. neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain
Does activated charcoal work for cyanide?
NO
You are asked by a cattle farmer to examine his cows because two cows have suddenly died. He tells you that other cows developed signs of weakness followed by increased heart and respiratory rates, staggering gait and recumbency within 4-6 hours of consumption of forage. On clinical examination, the mucous membranes expecially the vaginal mucous membranes revelaed a brownish discoloration. These cows are MOST likely poisoned with
NItrate
A toxicant that causes elevated thiocyanate levels in urine is ?
Cyanide
Ingestion of which plant is likely to cause cyanide toxicosis?
Wild cherry
How might small animals get cyanide toxicity?
It is used as a fumigant in rodenticides and fertilizers
What part of the plant is most toxic in cyanide toxicosis?
Seeds
Moa of cyanide? Acute
Acute: excess binds with blood and in tissues binds with ferric iron and cupric copper.
HISTOTOXIC ANOXIA IN BRAIN!! HYPEROXYGENATION OF BLOOD=CHERRY RED
Chronic MOA of cyanide
neuronal degeneration and demyelenation of spinal cord and brain in horses
Smell of cyanide
bitter almond
Samples for cyanide must be?
Frozen -use brain , heart and forage
TX cyandie?
Sodium nitrate IV, vinegar, O2 etc
