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TOX FINAL > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

In regards to insouluble ca oxalate what part of the plant is toxic and how does toxicity happen?

A

All parts of the plants are toxic and the animal MUST CHEW the plant to release ca oxalate

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2
Q

This plant causes milk fever in sheep, hypocalcemia and tetany in the ACUTE phase and can be a selenium indicator.

A

Halogeton- soluble oxalate

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3
Q

Does the presence of Ca in the diet increase or decrease toxicity in soluble oxalate toxicity?

A

Decreases

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4
Q

Halogeten, greasewood and pigweed are part of what group of plants?

A

Soluble oxalate

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5
Q

Which species are most susceptible to soluble oxalate poisoning?

A

Sheep

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6
Q

MOA of soluble oxalate

A

Hypocalcemia, kidney damage or hypocalcemia/ tetany in acute which affects bone and milk production

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7
Q

What part of the soluble oxalates its the most toxic?

A

Leaves

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8
Q

Rhubarb is part of which group of plants

A

Soluble oxalate- names are like veggies and meats

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9
Q

Ponderosa pine and Monterey cypress are part of this toxic group?

A

Isocupressic acids

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10
Q

Moa of isocupressic acids?

A

Vasoconstriction decreasing uterine blood flow can cause abortion in cattle

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11
Q

These two plants competitively block nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare?

A

Larkspur, delphinium, monkshade, aconite

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12
Q

Treatment of diterpene alkaloid toxicosis?

A

Physotigmine

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13
Q

This plant can look like PCP toxicosis?

A

Ergot poisioning

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14
Q

Moa of ergot toxicosis?

A

Vasoconstriction and gangrene uterine contraction and abortion

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15
Q

This plant causes PRIMARY photsensitization

A

St. Johns wort

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16
Q

MOA of tannic acids? In cattle and monogastircs

A

Cattle:GI AND KIDNEY BROWN URINE, constipation, anorexia, rumen , atony

Monogastrics: GI colic, depression, hemorrhagic diarrhea,

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17
Q

Two plants that are tannic acids?

A

Oak tree, and pride of barbados

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18
Q

Titerpene acid plant?

A

Lantana yellow sage

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19
Q

MOA of yellow sage? Which species is RESITANT?

A

Horses resistant
Liver damage and photosensitization
depression, anorexia, icterus , skin signs bla bla bla

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20
Q

These plants are anti mitotic and involve many organs?

A

Colchicum autumnale and gloriosa superb

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21
Q

What in the locoweed causes neuronal degeneration?

A

Nitropropanalol

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22
Q

Signs of locoweed toxicity?

A

Neurologic signs and selenium causes abnormal hoof and hair

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23
Q

Which is the cardiotoxic alkaloid ?

A

Monkshade

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24
Q

What is the most toxic part of lycorine plants? And Moa?

A

Emetic/ Purgative and The bulb is the most toxic

The group is mostly lilies

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25
Q

Name this muscarenic plant and its Moa?

A

Mushrooms. Stimulate muscarinic cholinergic receptors and CNS stimulation

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26
Q

Treatment of eating shrooms?

A

Atropine

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27
Q

Moa of piperidine alkaloids?

A

Nicotinic starting with ganglionic and nm stimulation followed by ganglionic and NMB . Prevents fetal mvmt resulting in birth defects

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28
Q

Name the plants which are piperidine alkaloids?

A

YOU SMOKE TOBACCO IN A PIPE-Coyote tobacco, tree tobacco, nicotiana, lupines and conium maculatum

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29
Q

Pyridine Alkaloids - Nicotine and lobeline. What happens in low and high doses?

A

Low: depolarization
Large: Blockade

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30
Q

What causes death in nicotine and lobe line toxicosis?

A

Respiratory failure

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31
Q

***Two plants that are a Pyrrolizidine alkaloid?

A

Rattlebox/crotolaria and ragwort

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32
Q

CS of Rattlebox and ragwort?**

A

Hepatoxic and tenesmus*, liver failure, conclusions, incoordination

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33
Q

What plant has a MOA similar to atropine?

A

Nightshade

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34
Q

What part of the solanine and solanidine are toxic?

A

The dark berries and green veggies or fruits

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35
Q

This plant is cardiotoxic and has a similar MOA to digitalis?

A

Yew- Taxine

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36
Q

Tropane alkaloids include which plants?

A

Tropane sounds like TRUMPET and the other plant is henbane

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37
Q

MOA of tropane plants?

A

Antimuscarenic- mydrasis, tachycardia, constipation, dry mouth

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38
Q

Antidote for tropane plants?

A

physotigmine

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39
Q

Moa of xanthine alkaloids and what two plants

A

Cocoa and Coffee- Block adenosine receptors inhibiting phosphodiesterase

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40
Q

***Plant that shows signs of Vitamin D toxicosis

A

Calcinogenic glycoside - vitamin D analog which is Cestrum diurum. Causes lameness and hypercalcemia

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41
Q

***Anthraquinoes - (Senna) causes this in horses? Senna MOA?

A

Horses die of liver failure

Skin and cardiac mm degeneration kidney damage BROWN urine

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42
Q

Two other antrhaquinones?

A

ALOE** and buckthron which are both purgatives

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43
Q

Cocklebur causes this ?

A

Carboxy-atractyloside which causes hepato toxicity and injures the mouth causing hyper salivation

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44
Q

*****This plant has digitalis effects

A

oleander is cardiotoxic by inhibiting Na/K atpase

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45
Q

Cardiac Glycosides he stressed?

A

Foxglove, lilly of the valley, milkweed , butterfly weed, periwinkle

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46
Q

**Form dicumarol in spoiled plants. Inhibit Vit K epoxide reductase resultion in deficiency of coag factos 2,7,9,10?

What is antidote??

A

Sweet clover

Vit K1 or whole blood

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47
Q

Cyanogenic glycosides do this in the chronic phase?

wild cherries, sorghum and elderberries

A

Chronic:* Neuronal degeneration and anti thyroid effect
*Release HCN or Hydrolysis

Acute: Inhibit cytochrome oxidase and inhibit cellular respiration, vasoconstriction, inhibit citric acid and glycolysis

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48
Q

3 Toxins that Cyasin have

A
  1. Glycoside that causes go irritation and liver damage, tetraogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic
  2. Beta methl….. BMMA- neurotoxic amino acid
  3. Unknown may cause neuronal damage in CNS
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49
Q

Cysasin- the palms

clinical signs in dogs, sheep and cattle?

A

Dogs: Gi, liver, seizures v/d, anorexia and depression

Sheep: GI and weight loss

Cattle :** neuronal zammers staggers

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50
Q

Glucosinolate plants- brassica, soybeans, flax

A

Antithyroid

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51
Q

Nitropropanalol glycosides CS?
Cattle/sheep
Horse and Rats

A

Milkvetch was stressed also violets, lotus, indigo

Cattle and Sheep: Respiratory and Neuro signs ,cracker heels or roaring ds.

Horses and Rats- Neuro signs

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52
Q

Phytoestrogens MOA- white clover, subterranean, alfalfa

A

Bind to estrogen receptors causing infertility in females

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53
Q

Plant that causes aplastic anemia and **enzootic hematuria?

A

Bracken fern -ptaquiloside

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54
Q

Protoanemonin?

A

Buttercup- severe irritation of GI muscosa

55
Q

MOA of steroidal Saponins?

A

Hepatic photosensitization

Agave, bear grass and grass family

56
Q

Is gossypol toxicity acute or chronic?

A

CHRONIC monogastrics most sensitive CARDIOTOXIC and secondary liver damage, MALE INFERTILITY

57
Q

***Princess plume is what type of plant and lives where and indicates what?

A

Selenium indicator and Western US

58
Q

Milk vetch is associated with what toxicity?

A

Selenium

59
Q

Acute vs Chronic Selenium toxicosis

A

Acute: GI and Resp signs

Chronic: Hoof and Hair

60
Q

This extremely toxic plant initially causes abdominal pain and vomiting in monogastrics followed by digitalis effects?

A

Oleander

61
Q

Soluble oxalate poisoning is associated with which plant?

A

halogeton

62
Q

Pigweed, oats, swet clover and alfalfa are associated with which mineral?

A

Nitrate

63
Q

***What happens in acute nitrate toxicosis?

A

Nitrate is reduced to nitrite-> oxidation of ferrous iron with high hb to ferric iron and forms METHEMOGLOBIN

64
Q

What happens when nitrite reduces hemoglobin to the ferrous state

A

Methemoglobin forms

65
Q

Which poisonous plants is MOST likely associated with neurotoxicity and causes neuronal vacoulation

A

locoweed

66
Q

This extremely toxic plant initially causes abdominal pain and vomiting in monogastric animals, followed by digitalis-like effects?

A

Oleander

67
Q

This plant made by heinz causes heinz body anemia ?

A

Mustards

68
Q

Diterpene esters have what MOA?

A

Activate protein kinase C which damages cells Diterpenoid esters also cause direct irritation of the skin and MM

69
Q

Which animal has severe signs from diterpene esters?

A

Horses

70
Q

Important diterene esters stressed?

A

Cactus, poinsettia, X-mas candle and crouton.

71
Q

Grayantoxins which are important ?

A

Rhodendrone and azalea - cause granny likes those kind of plants

72
Q

MOA of grayantoxis?

A

Bind to Na channels in exicitable cells which increases permeability and depolarization , irritation of GI mucosa

73
Q

CS of grayantoxins?

A

Think about when gran gets sick: respiratory problems, death from aspiration pneumonia, gi signs etc

74
Q

Which of the following plants is very toxic because it has a phytotoxin?

A

Castor bean

75
Q

CS from castor beans? or other phytotoxins- coral plant, precatory bean, other beans which are raw, black locust and sandbox tree

A

GI signs including hemorrhage

76
Q

MOA of phytotoxins

A

RICIN AND ABRIN are glycoproteins . they inhibit cellular protein synthesis

77
Q

Meliatoxin- chinaberry is a ______ and ______ plant.

A

Cytoxic- entertoxic, neurotoxic

death from respiratory failure

78
Q

Propyl disulfides MOA

A

they are the onion family and produce free radicals damaging RBC membranes and form heinz bodies

79
Q

Which species are most susceptible to horse brush a tetradymol?

A

SHEEp- causes hepatogenic photosensitization . Anorexia, depression incoordination etc.

80
Q

***Toxin that causes signs of thiamine vit B1 deficiency in mongastrics?

A

HorseTAIL NOT BRUSH-thaminase

81
Q

**Signs of thiamine deficiency in the horse including loss of condition, incoordination, horse declined to move, knuckling of the fetlocks when walking, muscle twitches and covulsions are caused by chronic ingestion of ?

A

Bracken fern another thaminase

82
Q

Triterpenoid saponins?

A

Alfalfa , holly both, pokeweed, ginseng cause direct irritation of the gi mucosa

83
Q

Effect of Resinoids?

A

Irritation of nervous or muscle tissue

Marijuana, milkweeds, mahogany family

84
Q

Two plants causing heptaotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in horses?

A

Asklike and red clover

85
Q

Which species is avocado cardiotoxic in?

A

goats, horses, rabbits, and caged birds also causes noninfectious mastitis and agalactia

86
Q

Black walnuts cause what in who?

A

laminitis in horses- from bedding

87
Q

Grapes cause renal failure in?

A

Dogs

88
Q

Lilies cause renal failure in ?

A

Cats

89
Q

Red maple causes_____in______?

A

Hemolytic anemia in horses

90
Q

Which part of senna is most toxic and what in it is cathartic?

A

The seeds and anthraquinone is cathartic . Also cause skeletal muscle and cardio myopathy

91
Q

This plant causes ENE or chewing disease?

A

In horses and caused by yellow starthistle

92
Q

In dogs weakness in hind limbs, depression, ataxia, tremors etc recovering in two days can be caused by?

A

Macadamia nuts

93
Q

Signs of bufo intoxication?

A

First irritation of mm hyper salivation , brick red MM, vocalization and vomiting
Second- neuro signs
and then CV signs- tachycardia, arrhythmias, bradycardia,
also may cause hyperthermia

94
Q

Treatment of bufo intoxication?

A

Seizure control, BB, lidocaine, activated charcoal, digoxin immune fab

95
Q

Primary effect of snake bite from a pit viper?

A

hypocoagulation

96
Q

Primary effect of snake bite from a coral snake?

A

neurotoxic

97
Q

Clinical signs of Ammonia toxicity?

A

DISEASE OF RESP INSUFFICIENCY death due to asphyxia. Cyanosis, pulmonary edema, lung congestion

98
Q

MOA of NH3

A

Direct irritant of MM increase susceptibility to resp infections, inhibits TCA and decreased growth in young

99
Q

Most dangerous gas which smells like rotten eggs ?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

100
Q

What species is least sensitive to hydrogen sulfide toxicity?

A

Chickens

101
Q

Lesions of H2S?

A

blood is dark and may not clot, tissues may be dark or greenish purple

102
Q

CS of low and high concentrations of H2S?

A

Low= irritation to eyes , reps and mucosa

Large= sudden collapse cyanosis and dypsnea

103
Q

CO CS?

A

Sudden death due to suffocation -anoxemia it combines with HB preventing it from carrying o2 ! , blood bright read, hypoxia , incoordination , still births

104
Q

NO Gas is what color?***

A

Reddish brown! Mixture - N2O4 is yellow/brown

105
Q

Sign of NO gas?

A

FOUND ON TOP OF SILAGE . Animal house develops chlorine odor and air is hazy and yellow

106
Q

Treatment of NO gas?

A

METHYLENE BLUE IV

107
Q

Sulfur oxide moa?

A

irritation of MM and causes reflex bronchoconstriction and lung damage death from hypoxia.

108
Q

Smoke Inhalation is more likely to effect old or young animals?

A

old usually die

can burn respiratory tract.

109
Q

Determinants of respiratory injury from smoke inhalation?

A

Solubility
High= upper airways, injures mucosa and there is edema
Low= slower reaction and delayed effect

110
Q

Most serious systemic agent of smoke inhalation?

A

Carbon monoxide

111
Q

. Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide both?

A

. cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization

112
Q

Sodium nitrite IV is useful in the treatment of?

A

Cyanide and H2S

113
Q

Most toxic part of nitrates?

A

The stalk and young plants are more toxic

114
Q

MOA of nitrates? ACUTE VS CHRONIC

A

Acute: Ferrous iron to ferric and conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in -doesnt carry o2

Chronic: Abortion dt progesterone

115
Q

Lesions of nitrate?

A

CHOCOLATE BROWN BLOOD

116
Q

Best specimen for nitrate?

A

occular fluid specimen of choice

117
Q

TX of nitrate?

A

Methelene blue

118
Q

Nitrite 10x more toxic than NITRATE

A

fun fact

119
Q

Chronic poisoning with which of the following is MOST likely to cause abortion in cattle due to decrease in progesterone production?

A

Nitrate

120
Q

Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide both?

A

cause sudden death mainly due to preventing tissue oxygen utilization

121
Q

A toxicant that causes very rapid death, has a characteristic odor, and causes bright red mucous membranes and cherry red blood is ?

A

Cyanide

122
Q

Signs of chronic cyanide poisoning in horses are MAINLY due to ?

A

d. neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and brain

123
Q

Does activated charcoal work for cyanide?

A

NO

124
Q

You are asked by a cattle farmer to examine his cows because two cows have suddenly died. He tells you that other cows developed signs of weakness followed by increased heart and respiratory rates, staggering gait and recumbency within 4-6 hours of consumption of forage. On clinical examination, the mucous membranes expecially the vaginal mucous membranes revelaed a brownish discoloration. These cows are MOST likely poisoned with

A

NItrate

125
Q

A toxicant that causes elevated thiocyanate levels in urine is ?

A

Cyanide

126
Q

Ingestion of which plant is likely to cause cyanide toxicosis?

A

Wild cherry

127
Q

How might small animals get cyanide toxicity?

A

It is used as a fumigant in rodenticides and fertilizers

128
Q

What part of the plant is most toxic in cyanide toxicosis?

A

Seeds

129
Q

Moa of cyanide? Acute

A

Acute: excess binds with blood and in tissues binds with ferric iron and cupric copper.

HISTOTOXIC ANOXIA IN BRAIN!! HYPEROXYGENATION OF BLOOD=CHERRY RED

130
Q

Chronic MOA of cyanide

A

neuronal degeneration and demyelenation of spinal cord and brain in horses

131
Q

Smell of cyanide

A

bitter almond

132
Q

Samples for cyanide must be?

A

Frozen -use brain , heart and forage

133
Q

TX cyandie?

A

Sodium nitrate IV, vinegar, O2 etc

TOX FINAL (1 decks)

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