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Biology: Reproduction > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

flower

A

contains male and female sexual organs

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2
Q

carpel

A

produces female gametes + provides structures/conditions necessary for fertilisation

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3
Q

stamen

A

produces male gametes (pollen) and provides correct structures and conditions necessary for pollen transfer

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4
Q

petals

A

attract pollinators

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5
Q

anther

A

produces pollen grains (contain plant’s male gametes)

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6
Q

filament

A

holds the anther in a position where it is able to transfer its pollen to an insect/mammal/bird

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7
Q

stigma

A

traps pollen from other flowers

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8
Q

style

A

supports and presents stigma in position where it can receive pollen (from insect/bird/mammal)

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9
Q

ovary

A

contains ovules (which contain female gametes) which develop into seeds after fertilisation

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10
Q

ovules

A

produces and contains female gametes, which upon fertilisation develop into seeds

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11
Q

nectary

A

produces nectar (sweet liquid that pollinators feed on)

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12
Q

sepals

A

protects leaves (while in bud)

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13
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

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14
Q

when does fertilisation occur

A

pollen nucleus fuses with nucleus in ovule

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15
Q

brightly coloured flowers are usually pollinated by

A

insects

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16
Q

description of sepal

A

green part at the top of the stem, underneath the petals

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17
Q

description of stamen

A

the male part of the flower consisting of the filament and the anther

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18
Q

description of filament

A

the stalk that supports the anther

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19
Q

description of anther

A

coloured, usually with a powdery appearance

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20
Q

description of stigma

A

usually green and the tallest part of the inside of the flower, and with a sticky, waxy layer

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21
Q

description of style

A

thin structure that supports the stigma and is above the ovary

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22
Q

description of carpel

A

female part of the flower that contains the stigma, style and ovary

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23
Q

description of ovary

A

green, bulb-shaped part near the bottom of the flower

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24
Q

description of ovule

A

structures within the ovary

25
Q

two types of pollination

A

self and cross

26
Q

what is self pollination

A

transfer of pollen
grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma
of the same flower or a different flower on the
same plant

27
Q

advantage of self pollination

A

do not need to rely solely on pollinators such as insects

28
Q

disadvantage of self pollination

A
  • reduces genetic variation within a population of plants
  • reduces ability to of a population to respond to changes in environment (such as changes in climate or introduced diseases)
29
Q

what is cross pollination

A

transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

30
Q

advantage of cross pollination

A
  • genetic variation increases within a population of plants
  • improves the ability of the population to respond to changes in the environment and to disease
31
Q

disadvantage of cross pollination

A

relies on pollinators

32
Q

petal in wind pollination

A

small and usually dull in colour because they do not need to attract insects

33
Q

petal in insect pollination

A

large and brightly coloured to attract insect pollinators

34
Q

anther in wind pollination

A

loosely attached and dangle outside the flower so its pollen can be blown easily by the wind

35
Q

anther in insect pollination

A

located inside the flower to brush against insects

36
Q

stigma in wind pollination

A

loosely attached and dangle outside the flower so they can catch wind-borne pollen from other plants; often appear feathery

37
Q

stigma in insect pollination

A

located inside the flower to brush against insects

38
Q

conditions for germination

A

Water, Oxygen, Warmth

39
Q

How many number of flowers/plants do wind pollinated and insect pollinated have?

A

wind pollinated: many small
insect pollinated: fewer, larger

40
Q

What is the plant population growth patter in wind pollinated and insect pollinated flowers?

A

wind pollinated: dense population
insect pollinated: small groups

41
Q

How are the petals in wind and insect pollinated flowers?

A

wind pollinated: dull and small
insect pollinated: bright large

42
Q

What are two adaptations of an insect pollinated flower that a wind pollinated flower doesn’t have?

A

good scent and nectar

43
Q

How are the pollen grains in wind pollinated flowers?

A

smooth, small, light, not many

44
Q

How are the pollen grains in insect pollinated flowers?

A

sticky, large, heavy, spiky, many

45
Q

How are the stamens in wind pollinated flowers?

A

pendulous, long filaments, exposed anthers

46
Q

How are the stamens in insect pollinated flowers?

A

short filaments with enclosed anthers

47
Q

How are the carpels/ovary in wind pollinated flowers?

A

exposed

48
Q

How are the carpels/ovary in insect pollinated flowers?

A

enclosed

49
Q

How is the stigma’s surface in wind pollinated flowers?

A

sticky, feathery, exposed

50
Q

How is the stigma’s surface in insect pollinated flowers?

A

sticky, flat, enclosed

51
Q

Describe pollination

A

the transfer of pollen
grains from an anther to a stigma

52
Q

What are the effects of SELF-POLLINATION on a population in terms of variety, capacity to respond to changes in environment + reliance on pollinators?

A
  • fewer genetic variation
  • lower capacity to respond to changes in environment
  • relies less on pollinators
53
Q

What are the effects of CROSS-POLLINATION on a population in terms of variety, capacity to respond to changes in environment + reliance on pollinators?

A
  • more genetic variation
  • higher capacity to respond to changes in environment
  • relies a lot on pollinators
54
Q

When does fertilisation occur in plants?

A

when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

55
Q

what is germination

A

development of a plant from a seed

56
Q

What are three factors needed for germination of seeds?

A

water, oxygen and warmth

57
Q

What enzymes are used in germination and how?

A

amylase breaks down starch into glucose, which is to be used by the embryo to grow

58
Q

Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule.

A
  1. pollen lands on stigma and are recognised by the receptors on stigma surface
  2. pollen tube grows down the style towards ovary
  3. pollen tube penetrates wall of the ovary to reach the ovule
  4. sperm cell inside the pollen grain moves down pollen tube, reaching the ovule and they fuse to form a zygote (fertilisation)
  5. the petals, stamen and sepals wither and fall from flower
  6. ovary grows and matures into fresh fruit: fertilised ovule turns into seed of the fruit

Biology: Reproduction (4 decks)

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