Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 111 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are Micorrhizae?

A

Symbiotic partnership of fungi with angiosperms to get nutrients from soil. Fungi provides plants with additional moisture and nutrients. Plant provides sugars to fungi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Mycelia?

A

Fruiting body made up of thin hyphae. Retains high amounts of moisture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Basidia?

A

Specialized end cells of mushroom gills. Form spores during sexual reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Monophyletic

A

Group that evolved from common ancestor and includes all descendants of that common ancestor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sister group

A

Two groups that splits from common node in phylogeny.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Four defining features of Fungi

A
  • Structure
  • Nutrition
  • Reproduction
  • Dispersal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Structure of Fungi

A
  • cell walls made of chitin
  • Single celled or made of filament
  • No complex transport system
  • Have mycelia- body is made up of thin hyphae, and have crosswalls called septa. These pack to form mushroom.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of Hyphae

A

Hyphae are long and thin: high surface area to volume ratio

However, this limits fungi to moist environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fungi are main decomposers or what? Fungi are also a key component of what cycles?

A
  • Main decomposers of cellulose and lignin

- Key in Carbon, Nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is “most famous symbiosis”?

A

Lichens!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fungi reproduction

A

Asexual: Fragmentation during haploid phase of vegetative spores
Sexual: Compatible individuals fuse mycelia together- this triggers basidia in gills top fuse together and form spores through meiosis. Spores spread and land and germinate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fungi/ Spore dispersal

A

Spores can withstand challenging conditions

Small size facilitates airborne dispersal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are cordyceps

A

Spores that use animal dispersers- create “zombies”- grows fungi out of insect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are protists monophyletic?

A

NO- protists are paraphyletic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Capture of photosynthesis- what’s it called? Describe the steps

A

Endosymbiosis: eukaryotic protist “engulfed” a cyanobacterium containing a chloroplast.
Secondary endosymbiosis is when an second eukaryotes engulfs the first eukaryote. (4 membranes created)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which photosynthesizers make the most O2?

A

Archaeplastids- (algaes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phytoplankton

A
  • Blue green algae
  • Unicellular
  • Base of almost every freshwater food web
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Brown Algae

A

-Phoaphytes
-4 membraned chloroplast
-Multicellular
-Individual=thallus (filaments making up plant body)
Example: kelp (keystone species)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Relationship between kelp and otters

A

Otters lay in kelp- However they eat urchins which often disrupt the survival of kelp.
Kelp are primary producers in sea environment- so the urchin consumption by otters is vital to the ecosystem. (KEYSTONE SPECIES)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is meant by alternation of generations? How come animals aren’t alternation of generations when they have both haploid and diploid phases?

A

Alternation between multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid. Gametophyte-Sporophyte. (plants)
Animals are diploid life cycle because their haploid phase is unicellular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is name of Fungi life cycle?

A

Fungi have a haploid life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Red Algae- characteristics+ why is it red?

A

-Most diverse marine seaweed
-Helps build+ heal coral reefs
-Unicellular and multicellular
-Absorbs blue light (travels best through ocean)- giving it a red pigment (cartenoid).
Can live at great depths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name for non-vascular plant vs. vascular plant

A

Non vascular plant: Bryophyte

Vascular plant: Traechyophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are Viridiplantae?

A

The “green plant”

  • Green algae
  • Land plants (can be bryophytes or traecheophytes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dr.Bell’s experiment- what does it mean regarding rising carbon levels.

A
  • With and increase of CO2 we have an Increase in primary production- will this decrease Carbon levels? Will increased photosynthesizers help offset human emissions?
  • Experiment: grew a strain of chlamodyomonas in a high CO2 environment and another in an ambient CO2 environment.
  • Results: Algae grown in high CO2 environment had lower CO2 uptake. This is because due to readily available CO2, there was no need for the algae to be able to uptake it efficiently.- No “forced mutation”.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Advantages of transition to land

A
  • Large uncolonized area
  • Abundant light
  • Readily available CO2
  • Less predators/ herbivory (at the time)
  • Potential for symbiotic relationships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Challenges of initial transition to land

A
  • UV radiation
  • Dehydration
  • Spore/ seed dispersal
  • Gravity
  • Nutrients
28
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

Cuticle is Key innovation as results of UV ray damage on land.
Algae with cuticle and UV absorbing compounds were the plants that survived transition to land- “sun protection”
However, it inhibits gas exchange

29
Q

What are the three major innovations of plants in order to reproduce on (dry) land?

A
  • Sporopollenin: toughest biological material on earth that encases spores in order to allow them to resist drying and survive long periods.
  • Gametangia: Specific male and female reproductive organs that prevent gametes from drying
  • Embryo Retention: “plant pregnancy” Instead of shedding eggs, plants retain them; zygote begins development on parent plant.
30
Q

5 Characteristics of Bryophytes

A
  • No true roots (can grow on rocks)
  • Can absorb through their “leaves”
  • Small and slow growing
  • Thin leaves with rudimentary cuticles
  • Generally grows in damp habitats
31
Q

Bryophyte reproduction

A

Can be unisexual or bisexual. Use spores for dispersal either way.

32
Q

What moss has colonized land on every continent. How does it form?

A

Peat moss/bogs. Forms when plant material doesn’t fully decay in acidic and anaerobic conditions.

33
Q

What challenges did Tracheophytes face post transition to land?

A
  • Competition
  • Colonized drier environment
  • Get taller (for sunlight)
  • Go deeper (access to nutrients)
34
Q

What were the 4 main innovations of tracheophytes

A
  • Branching: allows specific stems for different uses
  • Stomata: tiny “holes” in cuticle on underside of leaf. Allows gas exchange.
  • Vascular tissue: “get taller”. Xylem and Phloem provide structure and PUMP nutrients and water.
  • Roots: Nutrient and water acquisition. (mycorrhizal fungi)
35
Q

Vascular plants have a ________ dominant life cycle. This is because ______ cells respond to varying environmental conditions more efficiently.

A

Vascular plants have a SPOROPHYTE dominant life cycle. This is because DIPLOID cells respond to varying environmental conditions more efficiently.

36
Q

What are our extant tracheophytes?

A

Clubmosses, ferns and horsetails

37
Q

What are main Gymnosperms

A

Trees with seeds.

  • Cycads (large cone at apex, eaten by dinosaurs!)
  • Ginkgos (very resitant to pollution so often planted in cities- smelly)
  • Conifers (most diverse gymnosperm, specialize in dry environments, thick bark)
  • Gnetophytes
38
Q

How is height an advantage?

A
  • Access to light
  • Shade out competitors
  • Better wind dispersal
39
Q

Definition of a tree

A

Plant with single stem and branching canopy that can reach large heights thanks to specialized cells. Has wood and increases in girth.

40
Q

What were first tree like plants? When did they appear? How did they grow/ what was their structure?

A

Gilboa trees- mid devonian.
Made up of a bunch of “tiny trees”, not true wood. It was inefficient because it had many different xylem strands. Was outcompeted when real wood appeared.

41
Q

Carboniferous Forests- what are they?

A
  • Ancient fern forests covered in early tracheophytes.
  • When the tracheophytes were outcompeted, they sank to the ground due to shallow roots. No lignin- decomposing- fungi were present. This resulted in TONS OF COAL.
42
Q

Xylem vs. Phloem

A
  • Xylem: water/ nutrients flow UP

- Phloem: sugars flow DOWN

43
Q

What is the Vascular Cambium?

A

Ring of dividing cells beneath the bark in modern trees.

~Main growth tissue in gymnosperms and angiosperms

44
Q

What is the “link between ferns and gymnosperms”

A
  • Archeopteris. Now extinct
  • Conifer wood with fern like leaves.
    Reproduced via spores
45
Q

What is heterospory? Why is it a key innovation?

A
  • Spores now have two sizes. Two sexes.
  • Megaspores: larger, female spores
    -Microspores: smaller, male spores
    This leads to evolution of seeds and pollen.
46
Q

Evolution of seeds`

A

1) Creation of megagametophyte- megaspore
retained in sporangium while it germinates. It is
surrounded by integument, CREATION OF OVULE

-A fertilized ovule is a seed

47
Q

Evolution of pollen

A

Microspores evolve into pollen grains (coated in sporopollenin) Swims down tube to ovule.
Can now survive dry habitats

48
Q

What are Angiosperms?

A
  • Flowers and fruits!

- By far largest amount of species of all land plants

49
Q

Angiosperm radiation

A

When angiosperm lineages produces an unusually large amount of descendant species adaptive to many habitats.

50
Q

3 Key adaptations of angiosperms

A

1) More efficient Xylem (ends of vessel has slits)
2) Fruits- enable transport or seeds
3) Flowers (reproductive organ- female carpels and male stamen)

51
Q

What are ovary vs anther?

A

Ovules develop in ovary, pollen develops in anther

52
Q

What is outcross pollination?

A

Pollen and stigma on different plants

*pollen that lands on wrong stigma is wasted

53
Q

Significance of floral traits

A
  • Attract pollinators
  • Deter non-pollinating visitors
  • Manipulate visitor behaviours to maximize pollen transfer (shape forcing towards stigma or anthers…)
54
Q

Angiosperm radiation is associated with ______ in diversity and extent of _______________ relationships

A

Angiosperm radiation is associated with DECLINE in diversity and extent of PLANT- POLLINATOR relationships.

55
Q

When do fruits ripen?

A

After fertilization

56
Q

Monocots vs Dicots.

Who evolved from who?

A
  • Monocots: 1 cotelydon, parallel leaf veins, petals in multiples of 3
  • Dicots: 2 cotelydons, branching leaf veins, petals in multiples of 4 or 5
    Monocots evolved from dicots
57
Q

What are Eudicots?

A

“true dicots”

Monophyletic lineage that includes most plants considered to be dicots.

58
Q

Difference between yeast and bacteria

A

Yeast has a membrane bound nucleus (eukaryote), bacteria doesn’t (prokaryote)

59
Q

What are Saprophytes vs Symbionts

A

Saprophytes feed on dead decaying matter

Symbionts develop mutualistic relationships

60
Q

What is a lichen made of?

A

Algae + Cyanobacteria

61
Q

What is a dikaryotic mycelium?

A

The product of formation of two mycelia. This stage can last decades

62
Q

Are land plants and algae mono or para- phyletic?

A

Mono

63
Q

Do brown algae have a complex vascular system?

A

No

64
Q

Sporophytes produce _____ by _____

Gametophyte produce ______ by _____

A

Sporophytes (2n) produce spores (n) by meiosis

Gametophyte produce gametes by mitosis

65
Q

Why is red algae red?

A

There is Calcareous deposit in it’s cell walls
Absorbs blue light- appearing red
Red carotenoid pigment used in photosynthesis

66
Q

How do chloroplasts get passed on to offspring?

A

Biol 111 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions