Plantae Vocabulary Flashcards
Alternation of generations
Also known as (metagenesis)- The life cycle that occurs in those plants and algae , that have distinct haploid sexual and diploid asexual stages. The haploid spores germinate and grow into haploid gametophyte.
Angiosperms
A plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. They include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses and most trees.
Antheridia
The male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.
Apical meristems
Tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants. Main function to trigger the growth of the new cells in young seedlings at the the tips of roots and shoots and forming buds
Archegonia
The female sex organ of mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.
Bifacial vascular cambium
Part of secondary growth, this results in the plant growing wider.
(produces new xylem on its interior and new phloem on its exterior side.) All woody plants and most eudicots have a vascular cambium.
Carpel
Female reproductive organ of flower, consisting of a ovary, stigma, and usually a style.
Companion cell
A specialized cell located in the phloem of flowering plants and closely associated with the development and function of a sieve-tube element.
Determinate growth
growth in which the main stem ends in an inflorescence. Stops growing.
Diploid
Paired chromosomes, one from each parent.
Double fertilization
Two sperm cells, one fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei that form the endosperm.
Embryo
Early stage of development of a multicellular organism.
Flower
Its function is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs.
Fruit
Mature, ripened ovary. Ovary is the ovule bearing reproductive structure in the plant flower.
Gametangia
Organ which gamates are produced in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophyte of plants. Its a haploid structure and the formation of gametes does not involve meiosis.
Gametes
Organisms’s reproductive cells. Sex cells.
Gametophyte
the sexual phase (or an individual representing that phase) in the alternation of generations.
Haploid
cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes.
Heterospory
Producing two types of spores differing in size and sex, male microspore and the female megaspore which develop into separate male and female gametophytes. All seed-bearing plants, as well as some ferns and other seedless plants are heterosporous.
Homospory
Characterizes plants that produce spores that are all the same size. (Bryophytes and most seedless vascular plants).
Hornwort
group of bryophytes (non-vascular plants) The flattened green plant body of a hornwort is the gametophyte.
Endosperm
Tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants after fertilization.
Indeterminate growth
The main stem continues to elongate indefinitely without being limited by a terminal florescence or other reproductive structure.
Lateral meristems
One of two meristems in vascular plants in which secondary growth occurs, resulting in the increase of the stem girth.
Megagametophyte
The female gametophyte that develops from megaspores of heterosporous plants.
Megaphyll
large type of leaf produced by ferns and seed plants
Fronds or ferns and the leaves of gymnosperms and angiosperms are megaphylls.
Megaspore
Also called macrospores, a type of spore that is present in heterosporous plants. The megaspore germinates into a female gametophyte, which produces egg cells.
Meiosis
Single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.
Meristem
Formative plant tissue usually made up of small cells capable of dividing indefinitely and giving rise to similar cells or to cells that differentiate to produce the definitive tissues and organs.
Microgametophyte
The male gametophyte that develops from microspores of heterosporous plants. The pollen grains of gymnosperms and angiosperms are microgametophytes.
Microphyll
A type of plant leaf with one single, unbranched leaf vein. They occur in angiosperms, gymnosperms, and fronds or ferns.
Microspore
land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. Male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells which are used for fertilization of an egg to form a zygote.
Mitosis
A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Ovary
They secrete hormones, protect the eggs of a female and they release eggs for possible fertilization.
Petal
Modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of the flowers. Made to attract pollinators all of the petals of a flower are called corolla.
Phloem
Tissues in plants that conduct foods made in the leaves to all other parts of the plant.
components: sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells.
Plasmodesmata
Narrow channels that act as intercellular cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate communication and transport of materials between plant cells.
Poikilohydry
lack of ability to maintain and/or regulate water content to achieve homeostasis of the cells and tissue connected with quick equilibration of cell/tissue water content to that of the environment.
Pollen
creation made by seed plants- responsible for the production of the male gametes of the plant.
Primary growth
rapidly-dividing cells in the apical meristems at the shoot tip and root tip. Enables plants to continuously seek water (roots) or sunlight (shoots)
Root
part of a plant goes downward and holds the plant in place, absorbs water and minerals from the solid, and often stores food.
Secondary growth
It is characterized by an increase in thickness or girth of the plant. Seed plants have secondary growth and make seeds.
Secondary xylem is wood. Bifacial vascular cambium.
Seed
Embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with stored food.
Sepal
Protection for the flower in bud and often as support for the petals when in bloom.
Sieve tube
A tube of an end-to-end series of thin-walled living plant cells characteristic of phloem and held to function in translocation of organic solutes.
Sori
Brownish or yellowish cluster of spore-producing structures (sporangia) usually located in the lower surface of the fern leaves.
Sporangium
A structure where spores are produced.
Spore
One-celled reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion.
Sporophyte
It develops from an embryo resulting from the union of two gametes.
Stamen
Male reproductive organs of flowering plants. Consist of an anther and filament, the site of pollen development.
Stomata
tiny pore in the surface of the leaf that is used for gas exchange. Covered in tiny pores that allow them to take in carbon dioxide for use in photosynthesis and expel their waste oxygen. Only liverworts lack stomata.
Thallus
Plant body of algae, fungi, Lichens, and other lower organism. It lacks true roots and vascular system.
Tracheid
Primitive element of xylem, consisting of single elongated cell with pointed ends and a secondary cellulosic wall thickened with lignin, no perforations in the primary cell wall.
Vessel element
Elongated water conducting cell in xylem, one of the two kinds of treachery elements. The cells die when mature, leaving only their lignified cell walls. Vessel elements are only found in angiosperms.
Waxy cuticle
Covers the outermost tissue of a plant. The cuticle is secreted, and it helps prevent water loss and infection by parasites.
Xylem
Vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides physical support. Cells are known as tracheary elements.
Zygote
Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes, a fertilized ovum.
