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Bio 152 > Plant Unit > Flashcards

Plant Unit Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of plant life in water was the closest to the first land plants to evolve?

A

Green algae

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2
Q

What was the lifecycle of green algae like?

A

-entirely haploid (n)
-sexual reproduction produced gametes by mitosis
-fertilization created diploid zygotes
-underwent meiosis to create 4 haploids per zygote, which one survived
-the survived haploid was the new generation

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3
Q

How did green algae survive dry spells and therefor evolve to be on land?

A

-they lived in environments like freshwater lakes and rivers where there were times of dryness
-the zygotes survived because they had a tough protective wall
-when water came back the zygotes could undergo meiosis to produce a new haploid generation

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4
Q

How did zygotes of green algae survive in the dry?

A

-sporopollenin protective layer (complex polymer that was resistant to drying, UV radiation, and degradation)

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5
Q

What about green algae reproduction was not productive on land?

A

-The dispersal of zygotes was through the water, which would have made for high competition between parent and offspring on land

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6
Q

How do seedless vascular plants and non-vascular plants reproduce generally?

A

-gametes are produced through mitosis near the ground and fertilization takes place near the ground when it is wet
-the zygote undergoes mitosis to create and embryo in the parent plant (NEW GENERATION)
-embryo becomes sporophyte
-some embryonic cells undergo meiosis to create spores which are dispersed through the wind

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7
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

-diploid
-produced haploid spores through meiosis

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8
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

-haploid
-produces gametes through mitosis
-contains male and female plant parts (idk) that can produce zygotes when egg is fertilized by sperm

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9
Q

What are the main differences between sporophytes and spores?

A

-spores are HAPLOID and dispersed through the wind
-spores are produced through meiosis
-sporophytes are DIPLOID and contain spores within them
-produced through mitosis
-sporophytes live on the female gametophyte

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10
Q

Are Bryophytes gametophyte or sporophyte dominent?

A

-GAMETOPHYTE dominant
-haploid for most of their lives

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11
Q

When did plants begin to colonize land?

A

465 million years ago

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12
Q

When did oxygen accumulate at high enough concentrations in the atmosphere to support multicellular life?

A

600 million years ago

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13
Q

How did bryophyte reproduction influence all other land plant reproductive cycles?

A

Gametophyte and sporophyte generations look nothing like each other

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14
Q

What are the 3 divisions of bryophytes?

A

-mosses
-liverworts
-hornworts

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15
Q

What is the one thing that is required for for fertilization in bryophytes only?

A

WATER

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16
Q

What process forms the gametes in bryophytes?

A

Mitosis (going from n to n)

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17
Q

What process forms spores in bryophytes?

A

meiosis (going from 2n sporophyte to n spores)

18
Q

What does a sporophyte look like?

A

long brown stem on top of green (almost leafy) gametophyte

19
Q

Why are spores an important evolutionary advantage?

A

-spores can travel over very far distances on land
-reduces parent and offspring competition on the same piece of land

20
Q

How do sporophyte compare in Bryophytes and vascular plants (like ferns)?

A

-sporophytes are dominant in vascular plants since they are larger and have a higher photosynthetic capacity
-sporophytes are free-living (independant) in vascular plants

21
Q

What is desiccation?

A

excessive water loss

22
Q

How do bryophytes take in water on land?

A

absorb water through their photosynthetic surfaces, cell membrane and osmosis

23
Q

How do vascular plants take in water on land?

A

pull in water from soil in their roots and move it to the stem and leaves

24
Q

What type of plant is more stably hydrated?

A

Vascular plants

25
Q

What type of plant is more environmentally tolerant to harsh conditions?

A

Bryophytes

26
Q

How do vascular plants move water and nutrients overall?

A

Bulk flow using specialized organs and tissue types
-due to differences in pressure

27
Q

How does photosynthesis differ in Bryophytes vs. vascular plants?

A

In the time that they do it
-bryophytes are metabolically dormant when there is no water
-vascular plants constantly photosynthesize

28
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

-in vascular plants
-provides protection to plants
-has specialized structures to take in CO2, water, ect

29
Q

What is vascular tissue?

A

-in vascular plants
-a plant tissue that extends from leaves to roots and allows for water and nutrients to move by bulk flow

30
Q

What is ground tissue?

A

any tissue not epidermis or vascular tissue

31
Q

How do seed plants differ in fertilization step than Bryophytes?

A

Male and female gametes can come together in the absence of surface moisture

32
Q

What process do seed plants use to ultimately fertilize without water?

A

pollination

33
Q

What are the two types of seed plants?

A

Gymnosperms
-ex: pine trees
Angiosperms
-flowering plants or plants with fruit

34
Q

What are the 4 main stages in the life cycle of seed plants?

A
  1. spore formation
  2. gametophyte development
  3. pollination and fertilization
  4. seed dispersal
35
Q

Can male and female gametophytes derived from spores be produced in the same seed plant?

A

Yes, just in different areas

36
Q

Are gametophytes dominant and/or independant in seed plants?

A

No, they are continually supported by the dominant sporophyte

37
Q

What is contained in a pollen grain?

A

the multicellular male gametophyte surrounded by a sporopollenin-containing wall

38
Q

What is pollination?

A

the process in which pollen is transported to an ovule, totally separate from fertilization

39
Q

What are the 3 parts of a seed?

A

-embryo
-stored resources (endosperm)
-outer protective coar

40
Q

Where do male and female gametophytes come from in seed plants?

A

Both come from spores

41
Q

What is a pollin tube?

A

produced by the male gametophyte, allows for delivery of sperm to the ovule and egg

42
Q

What are 2 advantages that seeds have over spores?

A

-seeds have much longer dormancy periods
-more resources can be contained in a seed

Bio 152 (2 decks)

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