Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Question 1

In the late 1870s, Charles Darwin and his son Francis studied coleoptiles (the protective sheath around the embryonic shoot in grass seeds) of canary grass. What important principle did this experiment show?

Answer 1

Phototropism was due to an influence produced in the tip of a coleoptile that moved to the growing region, where it caused the coleoptile to grow toward light.

Question 2

meristem

Answer 2

tissues containing totipotent/undifferentiated cells

Question 3

indeterminate growth

Answer 3

when something can go through mitosis to grow/ add new structures forever - as long as it has the resources to do so

Question 4

node

Answer 4

small bumps or swelling where new leaves or stems emerge from a plant

Question 5

tropism

Answer 5

a directional response in a plant to an external stimulus (light, chemicals, gravity, touch).

Question 6

phototropism

Answer 6

a positive tropism in plant stems (they grow toward the light) and is a negative tropism in plant roots (they grow away from the light - into the ground)

Question 7

shoot

Answer 7

the stem together with the leaves

Question 8

shoot appex

Answer 8

the very top of the shoot

Question 9

pollination

Answer 9

When pollen (from the anther) is transferred to/ placed on the stigma of a flower (by means/ vectors of animals, wind, or water)

Question 10

fertilization

Answer 10

the fusion of haploid nuclei (the male pollen grain fuses with the female ovule to produce a diploid zygote)

Question 11

seed dispersal

Answer 11

when seeds are moved away from the parent plant to reduce competition for resources

Question 12

germination

Answer 12

the process where a seed begins to sprout

Question 13

self-pollination

Answer 13

pollen from the anther of same plant falls on its own stigma

Question 14

cross-pollination

Answer 14

pollen from anther of one plant carried to stigma of different plant

Question 15

photoperiodism

Answer 15

a plant’s response to the lengths of the night

Question 16

angiosperm

Answer 16

flowering plants

Question 17

gymnosperms

Answer 17

seeds are in cones (naked seeds)

Question 18

filicophyta

Answer 18

have pinnate leaves (leaflets on stalks); reproduce using spores released from sori

Question 19

bryophytes

Answer 19

small; lacking leaves/ stems; no xylem/ phloem tissue; reproduce using spores

Question 20

gymnosperms and dicots are the only types of plants that have both…

Answer 20

apical and lateral meristems

Question 21

apical meristems

Answer 21

Allow plants to grow taller (gaining access to more light and CO2), produce new leaves and flowers/ fruits, and allow roots to extend throughout the soil

Question 22

lateral meristems

Answer 22

allow plant stems and roots to grow outward
and become thicker, producing secondary
xylem and phloem (vascular cambium) and
cork/bark (cork cambium)

Question 23

auxin changes…

Answer 23

patterns of gene expression to promote phototropism and apical growth

Question 24

the relationship between animals and the flowers they pollinate is…

Answer 24

mutualistic

Question 25

the environmental conditions necessary for seed germination

Answer 25

water, oxygen, pH, and temperature (as well as fire, freezing, digestion, washing, and scarification)

Question 26

vectors for seed dispersal

Answer 26

wind, water, and animals

Question 27

What allows most plants to continue producing more roots, leaves, or stems throughout their life

Answer 27

meristems

Question 28

How does auxin exert its effect on plant cells?

Answer 28

Binds to a receptor resulting in expression of genes

Question 29

Which process is directly assisted by the adaptation of plants to have brightly colored flowers to attract animals?

Answer 29

pollination

Question 30

How does phytochrome control flowering plants?

Answer 30

Pr turns into Pfr in the light, causing long-day plants to flower.