plant & soil Flashcards
nucleus
centre of cell
site of genetic transcription
nuclear membrane
forms protective barrier around nucleus
composed of phospholipid bilayer
controls movement of substances in & out
nucleolus
largest body within nucleus
responsible for production of ribosomal subunits
SER
process & package lipids & hormones
RER
involved in production of proteins
ribosomes on surface
joined to nuclear membrane to enable rapid movement of information to the ribosomes from nucleus
golgi apparatus
sorting, modifying and packaging proteins for secretion
movement of lipids around cell
mitochondira
cellular respiration - takes nutrients from cell (glucose from photosynthesis) breaks it down and turns it in energy (ATP)
chloroplast
converts light energy from sun into sugars to be used by cell
chlorophyll is green pigment for photosynthesis
ribosomes
protein synthesis
location in cell determines what kind of protein it makes
vesicle
composed of a phospholipid bilayer
transport materials from on place to another
vacuole
membrane-bound sac
provides structural support & storage for useful materials
centrosome
organise microtubules
provides cell structure
pulls chromatids apart during division
cell wall
structure & protection
semi-permeable for osmosis & diffusion across membrane
made of lignin - rigidity & support
cell membrane
double layer of lipids & proteins surrounding cell
separates cytoplasm from surrounding environment
selectively permeable - only lets certain molecules enter & exit
active transport
cytoplasm
fluid that fill cell
holds organelles in suspension
gives cell its shape
meristematic tissues
undifferentiated tissues found at points of growth
can differentiate when required allowing plant to grow
permanent tissues
what meristems differentiate into
don’t change form or function
apical meristem
present at growing tips of stems & roots
increases length
lateral meristem
consists of cells that mainly divide in one plane causing organ to increase in diameter & growth
forms secondary growth
intercalary meristem
located between permanent tissues
present at base of node, internode & leaf base
branch formation & growth
vascular tissues
transport vessels
move water & sugars around plant
epidermal tissues
tissues on outside of plant
ground tissues
less differentiated
comprise much of cell
serve many vital roles
phloem (vascular)
move SUGARS via diffusion & active transport
stacked end-end creating a tube to carry sugars from source to sink/ sink to site of growth
xylem (vascular)
dead cells that move WATER up plant from the roots
transpiration stream relies upon weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules pulling them up xylem as water is lost at stomata & leaf surface
concentration gradient between plant & root hair cell allows water to move into plant by osmosis
transport in phloem
diffusion
translocation
active transport
transport in xylem
osmosis
transpiration
capillary action
epidermal tissues
outer layer of leaf
single layer of cells covers leaves, flowers, roots & stems forming boundary between plant & external environment
protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange & absorbs water & mineral nutrients
guard cells
control opening and closing of stomata by altering turgidity
stomata
pore in leaf that enables water & gas movement in & out of cell
usually on bottom of leaf
cambium
provides undifferentiated cells for plant growth
found between xylem & phloem
parenchyma
packing tissue - forms filler in soft parts of plant
thin cell walls - change shape
living cells
lots of chloroplasts - photosynthesis
strorge
collenchyma
structural support in growing plants
thick cell walls
forms long fibres
remains alive
cell walls can thick if there is damage to make it stronger
sclerenchyma
structure & support in grown/mature plants
v thick cell walls & lots of lignin - so thick that cells die
form fibres or dense stones (sclereids)
3 meristematic tissues
apical
intercalary
lateral
3 permanent tissues
vascular
epidermal
ground
2 vascular
phloem
xylem
3 epidermal
guard cells
stomata
cambium
3 ground
collenchyma
parenchyma
sclerenchyma
3 plant structure areas
subterranean
mid-structure
arial components
3 main factors of photosynthesis
light intensity
temperature
carbon dioxide availability
photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide –> glucose + oxygen
what happens to enzymes after they reach the optimum temperature of 36-37?
denature
aerobic respiration equation
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
anaerobic respiration equation
glucose –> lactic acid + ATP
when does anaerobic respiration occur
roots become completely waterlogged
lack of oxygen to produce energy needed
equation for ethanol fermentation
glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide
what happens when it’s dark
respiration but no photosynthesis
oxygen taken in CO2 given out
what happens when there is dim light
photosynthesis & respiration rates are equal
neither gas is taken in or out
what happens when there is bright light
photosynthesis rate greater than respiration rate
CO2 taken in & oxygen given out
