plant sex Flashcards

1
Q

What is one possible theory explaining the origins of sexual reproduction that I presented in
class.

A

Mitochondria did it
used oxygen to create reactive oxygen species that can cause damage to DNA so sexual reproduction evolved to provide a backup set of genome (extra one) so that cells would not immediately die if their DNA was damaged.

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2
Q

Describe alternation of generations in angiosperms. Be sure to include: where the male and female gametophytes are located, where meiosis and mitosis takes place, what is the sporophyte, where does fertilization take place.

A

Angiosperms alternate between a distinct haploid and diploid stage. The gametophytes are haploid and go through mitosis to make gametes. These haploid gametes then fuse to form a diploid zygote and this is where fertilization takes place. The zygote grows into a sporophyte, which makes haploid spores through meiosis. These spores can be either macrospores (female) or micro spores (male). Finally, the spores grow into gametophytes through mitosis and can be anthers (which hold the male gametophyte) or ovules (which hold the female gametophyte), and then the cycle is repeated.

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3
Q

Identify the parts of an idealized flower

A

Have sepals, petals, stamens and carpels
Male parts = stamens = anther and filament
Female parts = carpel = stigma, style, pollen tube, ovary, and ovule

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4
Q

Inside the ovule, identify (label) the antipodal cells, polar nuclei, egg, synergids, and micropyle.
Describe each of their primary functions in a sentence.

A

antipodal cells help nourish the growing embryo of the plant, polar nuclei allow for double fertilization, and formation of endosperm, synergids stop pollen tube growth and help release sperm cells, and the egg holds genetic material for the new daughter plant, and the micropyle is where the pollen tube enters the ovule

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5
Q

Explain what is meant by double fertilization and explain why its important

A

one sperm fertilzes the egg, the second fertilizes the polar nuclei
Important because each ovule develops into a seed after double fertilization and the fertilization of the polar nuclei creates the endosperm

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6
Q

Which parts of the carpel develops into the seed and the fruit?

A

The ovule develops into a seed and the ovary develops into the fruit

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7
Q

Where does the endosperm come from?

A

The fertilization of the polar nuclei

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8
Q

Provide examples of how plants prevent self-fertilization

A

Physical distance between or different maturity times of their stamens and carpels and self-incompatibility in which they are able to recognize and reject their own pollen

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9
Q

zygote

A

Result of fertilization of egg cell by sperm cell (diploid)

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10
Q

microspore

A

Male spore that gives rise to male gametophyte

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11
Q

macrospore (megaspore)

A

Female spore in ovule that becomes female gametophyte

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12
Q

anther

A

Produce pollen and hole male gametophyte

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13
Q

carpel

A

Female parts of plant, include ovary, ovule, and stigma

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14
Q

stigma

A

Where pollen grains land

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15
Q

style

A

Tube that leads from stigma to ovary

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16
Q

pollen tube

A

Tubular structure grown from the male gametophyte that travels down the style to the ovary

17
Q

ovary

A

Female part that contains ovule

18
Q

ovule

A

female organ that forms the seeds (produces the female gametophyte?)

19
Q

stamen

A

the male part that produces pollen (includes anther and filament)

20
Q

pollen

A

powder like grains that each contain the male gametes necessary for fertilization (created through meiosis)

21
Q

generative cell

A

precursor cell that divides into two male gametophytes in pollen?

22
Q

pollen tube cell

A

cells that make up the thread like structure that delivers sperm cells to ovule (–>female gametophyte) for double fertilization

23
Q

antipodal cells

A

three haploid cells located in the embryo sac on the opposite end from the microphyle

24
Q

polar nuclei

A

two female haploid nuclei in the embryo sac which fuse with sperm nuclei to become triploid endosperm

25
Q

egg

A

located at the micropylar end of the ovule and next to synergids. Is fertilized by sperm cell and then becomes embryo

26
Q

synergids

A

help guide sperm cell and stop pollen growth?

27
Q

micropyle

A

an opening in the ovule/embryo sac that allow for sperm to enter and fertilize egg and polar nuclei

28
Q

double fertilization

A

one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm

29
Q

endosperm

A

stores nutrients that can be used by seedling or exported to the cotyledons

30
Q

outline main steps of embryogenesis

A
  1. Zygote divides into two daughter cells (mitosis)
  2. The daughter cells divide (globular stage embryo and suspensor (like the placenta/umbilical cord in ppl))
  3. Heart stage (3 primary meristem form and apical-basil axis emerges)
  4. Seed forms (precursors of root and shoot systems form, epicotyl, hypocotyl, and radicle form)
  5. Meristem formation (shoot and root apical meristem cell show up on apical-basal axis, tissues arrange along radial axis = epidermis, ground, and vascular)
31
Q

provide two examples of how GMOs can help solve problems

A