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RHS Level II > Plant Science > Flashcards

Plant Science Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons why botanical names are important

A

International, Explains something about the plant, unchanging

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2
Q

What is the binomial system of naming plants

A

Genus name + Species name

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3
Q

What is ‘plant taxonomy’?

A

The practice and science of classifying organisms int0 groups or taxons and making connections between groups to help us understand them

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4
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

Non-flowering plants whose seeds are not protected by an enclosed overy. Conifers, cycads, ginko.

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5
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

All flowering plants

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6
Q

What are Pteridophytes?

A

Less complex plants that depend on water to reproduce by spores. Ferns, horsetails, club mosses.

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7
Q

What are Bryophytes?

A

Less complex plants that depend of water to reproduce by spores. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

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8
Q

What are Monocotyledonous plants?

A

Plants that produce just one seed leaf within their seed. Grasses, hosta, tulips

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9
Q

What are Eudicotyledonous plants?

A

Plants with 2 seed leaves within the seed. 75% of all flower plants are Eudicots.

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10
Q

What is a ‘plant family?’

A

plants that share physical characteristics like flowering or fruiting habits

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11
Q

Name 3 links which help group plant families

A
  1. Arrangement of flower parts.
  2. The way the seed pod splits
  3. The way the fruits split apart.
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12
Q

List 3 plant families

A
  1. Rosaceae
  2. Brassicaceae
  3. Asteraceae
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13
Q

Define ‘genus’

A

A group of plants within a family which share many characteristics

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14
Q

Define ‘species’

A

Basic unit of classification, it defines the individual plant. These plants can interbreed.

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15
Q

Define ‘cultivar’

A

a variation that occurs through deliberate breeding and plant selection

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16
Q

Which authority do cultivar names need to be registered with?

A

International Cultivar Registration Authority
ICRA

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17
Q

Define ‘variety’

A

The rank below species in the taxonomic hierarchy. It identifies a naturally occurring variation in form within a species

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18
Q

Define ‘hybrid’

A

plants at species level within a genus that have cross-polinated and created an interspecific hybrid.

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19
Q

What is the male part of a flower called?

A

stamen

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20
Q

What is a group of petals called?

A

Corolla

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21
Q

What is a group of sepals called?

A

Calyx

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22
Q

What is the female part of a flower called that contains ovules

A

Ovary

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23
Q

What protects the rest of the flower when it is in bud? It is surrounded by petals.

A

Sepal

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24
Q

What is showy in order to attract pollinators?

A

Petals

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25
Q

What is a filament?

A

Stalks that hold up the anthers

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26
Q

What is a receptacle?

A

the top of the pedicel that supports the rest of the flower

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27
Q

What is a stigma?

A

Female part of a flower which receives pollen.

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28
Q

What is lamina?

A

A leaf blade

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29
Q

What is a petiole?

A

A leaf stalk

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30
Q

What is a compound leaf with opposite leaflets?

A

Pinnate

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31
Q

What is a compound leaf?

A

Palmate

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32
Q

What is phyllotaxy?

A

Leaf arrangement

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33
Q

What is a node?

A

the point on a stem from which a leaf grows

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34
Q

What is an internode?

A

The space on a stem between two nodes

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35
Q

Define apex

A

The top of a root or shoot

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36
Q

Define axil

A

angle where a leaf joins a stem

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37
Q

What is a lenticel?

A

A pore on the surface of a stem, allowing gaseous exhange.

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38
Q

Which type of plants have tap root and lateral roots?

A

eudicotyledons

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39
Q

What roots do monocotyledons have?

A

fibrous roots

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40
Q

In which stage does vegetative growth occur?

A

Juvenile

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41
Q

What is the resting survival stage?

A

seed

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42
Q

In which stage does flowering occur?

A

Reproductive (adult) stage

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43
Q

Which plants have very short life cylces?

A

Ephemerals

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44
Q

What is a perennial?

A

Plant living for more than 2 years

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45
Q

What is an annual?

A

Plant completing its lifecycle in one year

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46
Q

What is a biennial?

A

Plant which produces vegetative growth in year 1 and flowers in year 2

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47
Q

What is a leaf scar?

A

Position of last year’s terminal bud

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48
Q

What does floribunda mean?

A

Many flowered

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49
Q

Define Cordatus

A

heart shaped

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50
Q

What does officinalis mean?

A

useful for mankind (often medicinal)

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51
Q

What does spinosus mean?

A

thorny

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52
Q

what does aurea mean?

A

gold

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53
Q

What does campestris mean?

A

of the fields

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54
Q

Define Cell Wall

A

Cellulose, permeable to gases and liquids

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55
Q

What is a cell membrane

A

Semi-permeable, controls movement in and out of cell

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56
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

jelly-like cell contents in which organelles are located

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57
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

cell control centre, DNA

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58
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Fluid-filled cavity, holds cell turgid

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59
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles with green pigment, sites of photosynthesis

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60
Q

What are Mitochondria?

A

Organelles where respiration takes place in all cells

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61
Q

What are Intercellular spaces?

A

Allow gases to diffuse between cells

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62
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Outer, close-packed layer of cells around all parts of the plant. Protects against water loss or disease

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63
Q

What is the cambium?

A

Meristematic (dividing) tissue where new cells are created for growth.

64
Q

What 3 types of tissue make up a eudicot vascular system?

A

Phloem, xylem and cambium

65
Q

Which tissue is on the outer part of a vascular bundle?

A

The Phloem

66
Q

What does xylem tissue do?

A

Allows water and dissolved nutrients to move through the plants from the roots, up through the stem and into the leaves

67
Q

What does phloem tissue do?

A

transports carbohydrates from the leaves (where they are manufactured) to all parts of the plants where they are needed - mainly growing tips, storage organs, fruits and seeds

68
Q

In a root, what is the endodermis?

A

The inner ring of tissue that controls movement of water from the cortex into the phloem and xylem

69
Q

In a root, what is the cortex?

A

A thick layer of general tissue which stores food and that produces energy for root growth. Water can pass through the cells of the cortex.

70
Q

What is a stele?

A

All the tissues from the endodermis inwards: the pericycle, the xylem and phloem, the vascular cambium

71
Q

How are xylem and phloem cells arranged in a monocot root?

A

In a circle or ring

72
Q

How are xylem and phloem cells arranged in a eudicot root?

A

The xylem cells form a central ‘hub’ with lobes, and the phloem cells fill the spces between the lobes. A ‘starfish’ shape

73
Q

In a leaf, what is the cuticle?

A

A protective waxy coating which helps the leaf from drying out. Keeps some pathogens out of the leaf tissue.

74
Q

In a leaf, what are stomata?

A

Openings which allow exit and entry of gases and water vapour. The stomata are opened and closed by the water pressure in the guard cells which surround them.

75
Q

In a leaf, what are palisade cells?

A

Mesophyll (middle layer) tissue which contain most chloroplasts - where photosynthesis takes place. Elongated cells close to the top surface of the leaf. The chloroplasts move around in the cells to maximise their exposure to sunlight

76
Q

In a leaf, what are spongy mesophyll?

A

Loose packed cells in spongy tissue with lots of inter-cellular spaces to allow free movement of gases and water vapour. The stomata open into these spaces.

77
Q

What is a perfect flower?

A

One that has both male and female parts

78
Q

What is a monoecious plant?

A

One with separate male and female flowers on the same plant (Juglans regia, many courgettes)

79
Q

What is a dioecious plant?

A

One with male and female flowers growing on completely separate plants? (Skimmia japonica, Ilex aquifolium)

80
Q

what is a flower spike?

A

A modifed raceme where the flowers are attached to the main stalk without stems (i.e. they are sessile)

81
Q

what is a stele?

A

The core of vascular tissue in a root

82
Q

what is the epidermis?

A

The protective outer tissue of a cell

83
Q

What is a pith?

A

Packing tissue in the center of young stems/some roots

84
Q

What is meristem?

A

Area of active cell division

85
Q

What do you call a root growing from a primary tap root

A

Lateral root

86
Q

What is a root hair?

A

Extension of epidermal cell, facilitates in obsorbtion of soil water

87
Q

What is the pericycle?

A

Ring of cells surrounding the vascular bundles in a stele

88
Q

What is the root cap?

A

Protective end of a tap root

89
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Unspecialised cells between epidermis and vascular system

90
Q

what is the endodermis

A

an inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root and of some stems, surrounding a vascular bundle.

91
Q

What type of flower has all the pedicels arising from one point?

92
Q

What is an example of a corymb?

A

Sambucus nigra

93
Q

Give an example of a verticillaster

A

Phlomis russeliana

94
Q

What are disc florets?

A

Fertile flowered daisy-type flower with reduced petals

95
Q

What is an another word for an undivided leaf?

96
Q

What controls the opening of stomata

A

Guard cells

97
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

waxy protective layer

98
Q

What is a stoma?

A

Pore for gaseous exchange

99
Q

Where are most stomata located?

A

lower epidermis

100
Q

What is a bract?

A

A leaf-like structure

101
Q

What does sessile mean?

A

Without stalk

102
Q

What are spongy mesophyll?

A

Widely spaced cells in a leaf

103
Q

what is a palisade cell?

A

Cells containing most chloroplasts

104
Q

Which tissue conducts food?

105
Q

Describe a compound umbel

A

the flower head is composed of a number of umbels where the peduncles all arise from the same point

106
Q

Describe a corymb

A

A flower head where all the pedicels grow to the same height and form a platform for pollinating insects to land

107
Q

Describe a raceme

A

The flowers are attached to the short main stem by short stalks. The main axis continues to grow and produce flowers

108
Q

What is a pannicle?

A

A branched raceme - each branch is a raceme and continues to grow at the tip

109
Q

Describe a cyme

A

The main axis forms a flower then lateral buds form panicles of flower which open from the top downwards

110
Q

what are the outputs of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen & gluclose

111
Q

who are energy producers?

A

Kingdom Plantae

112
Q

what is an organism manufacturing its own food?

113
Q

what is a chemical process in a living organism?

A

biochemical

114
Q

What is a reaction using light energy?

A

photochemical

115
Q

What are methods of CO 2 enrichment?

A

Dry ice, products of combustion

116
Q

What is an organism dependent on outside food sources?

A

heterotroph

117
Q

What are photosynthesis inputs?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

118
Q

What are stomata?

A

Pores for gaseous exchange

119
Q

What are spongy mesophyll?

A

Leaf tissue contain gases for exchange

120
Q

What is green light?

A

Wavelength not absorbed in photosynthesis

121
Q

What is the energy source for photosynthesis?

122
Q

What are chlorplasts?

A

Organelles - site of photosynthesis

123
Q

Name a potentially limiting factor

A

water stress

124
Q

What happens in the light stage?

A

Water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen

125
Q

What is a petrochemical?

A

A reaction using light energy

126
Q

What is the second stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light independent

127
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Either side of the stomata, control opening and closing

128
Q

What are energy consumers?

A

All animal life

129
Q

What is the light used in photosynthesis (wavelengths?)

A

Red, blue wavelengths

130
Q

What is gluclose

A

A complex carbohydrate in transportable form

131
Q

What is starch

A

A complex carbohydrate in stored form

132
Q

Where are most chloroplasts?

A

Palisade cells in the leaf tissue

133
Q

What is a factor affecting rate of chemical reactions?

134
Q

What is PAR?

A

photosynthetically active radiation

135
Q

What plant parts are involoved in photosynthesis?

A

green shoots and stems, leafs, petals…

136
Q

What plant parts are not involved in photosynthesis?

137
Q

What is Carbon Dioxide

A

Gaseous compound, 0.04% Earth’s atmostphere

138
Q

What happens in the light stage?

A

Water molecules split into hydrogen and oxygen

139
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

The pigment enabling photosynthesis

140
Q

What is the stele?

A

The core of vascular tissues in a dicot root

141
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Protective layer, simple tissue

142
Q

what is pericycle?

A

ring of meristematic tissue inside the endodermis where lateral roots form

143
Q

What is the endodermis?

A

tissue that controls movement of water into root

144
Q

what is phloem?

A

Food-conducting complex tissue

145
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Packing tissue in root

146
Q

What is the mark showing this years’ growth?

A

Growth ring

147
Q

What is a leaf scar?

A

Mark on stem where deciduous leaf was attached

148
Q

What is the sieve tube?

A

Part of the phloem tissue - conducts food

149
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

Bud in leaf axil

150
Q

What is vascular cambium?

A

Meristematiac tissue in eudicot vascular bundle

151
Q

What is pith

A

Packing tissue in center of eudicot stem

152
Q

What is a xylem vessel?

A

Part of xylem tissue, open tube, dead at maturity

153
Q

What is a tracheid?

A

Part of xylem tissue, allows water through perforations

154
Q

What is a lenticel

A

A pore for gaseous exhange

155
Q

What is a node?

A

Point of origin for a leaf

156
Q

What role does Boron play in plant nutrition?`

A

cell wall formation
movement of sugar to growing parts of plants
makes calcium available
pollination and seed set

RHS Level II (3 decks)

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