Plant Responses to Stimuli Flashcards

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1
Q

Etiolation

A

the process a plant undergoes to grow in absence of light characterized by long weak stems, small/no leaves, and a pale yellow color

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2
Q

De-etiolation

A

the process a plant undergoes to grow when exposed to light characterized, by thick strong stems, leaves, and a green color

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3
Q

Three steps of signal transduction pathways (STP)

A

reception, transduction, and response

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4
Q

Reception

A

First step of STP; phytochrome receptors are activated by photons from a light source

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5
Q

Transduction

A

Second step of STP; the signal is transmitted to the effector the protein kinase

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6
Q

What molecules do phytochrome receptors activate to trigger the protein kinase

A

they produce cGMP and open calcium channels on the plasma membrane; both activate the protein

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7
Q

Protein Kinase

A

the effector/transcription factor that receives the Ca2+ and cGMP

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8
Q

Response

A

Final step of STP; the transcription factor triggers gene expression and enzyme activation which facilitate pigment synthesis

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9
Q

Auxin hormone

A

increases flexibility of cell walls

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10
Q

Cytokinin hormone

A

transported up through xylem sap to actively growing tissues to control cell division and assert apical bug dominance

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11
Q

Auxin vs. Cytokinin

A

Auxin inhibits lateral growth from axillary buds, cytokinin stimulates it

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12
Q

Gibberellin hormone

A

stimulates cell elongation and division in stem and leaf cells, increases fruit size and yield, and mobilizes nutrients needed for germination

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13
Q

Abscisic acid hormone

A

closes stomata and prevents seeds from germinating (maintains seed dormancy)

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14
Q

Abscisic acid and Gibberellin

A

abscisic acid counteracts the effects of gibberellin

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15
Q

Ethylene hormone

A

the stress hormone of plants

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16
Q

Ethylene triple response

A

a stress response triggered by ethylene to overcome a mechanical stresses
1. stem elongation slows
2. stem thickens
3. stem grows horizontally

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17
Q

Leaf Abscission

A

occurs during low levels of auxin and high levels of ethylene; ethylene seals off a leaf and triggers digestive enzymes to digest it.
Leaf changes color because plant removes necessary pigments

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18
Q

Fruit Ripening

A

ethylene stimulates digestive enzymes and ripens fruit

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19
Q

Brassinosteroids

A

mimic the effects of auxin; promotes elongation and slows leaf abcission

20
Q

Jasmonates

A

involved in plant defense and immune response

21
Q

Strigolactones

A

produced in roots and attracts mycorrhizae to affiliate with the plant

22
Q

Photomorphogensis

A

light triggers important processes in plants

23
Q

What do blue-Light photoreceptors do?

A

mediate phototropism and induce stomata to open

24
Q

Phytochrome receptor purpose

A

mediate de-etiolation and light-induced germination

25
Q

Phytochrome response in red light

A

induce germination

26
Q

Phytochrome response in far red light

A

inhibit germination

27
Q

Phenology

A

the changing of the length of the day/night cycle of a plant over the course of a year

28
Q

Plant circadian rhythm

A

lift leaves/open flowers during day b/c of transpiration

29
Q

Gravitropism

A

growth orientation in response to gravity

30
Q

What kind of gravitropism do germinating roots (radicle) exhibit?

A

positive gravitropism (downward)

31
Q

What kind of gravitropism do germinating shoots (epicotyl) exhibit?

A

negative gravitropism (upward)

32
Q

What “pulls” the radicle downward?

A

starch statoliths located at the tip of the radicle

33
Q

Thigmotropism

A

directional growth in response to touch

34
Q

Thigmotropism cause

A

auxin causes cell growth in the non-contacted cells

35
Q

Thigmonasty

A

movement in response to touch

36
Q

Thigmonasty cause

A

touch triggers loss of water and pressure in support “hinge” cells

37
Q

How is the signal of touch distributed throughout the plant during thigmonasty?

A

action potentials

38
Q

Drought tolerance

A

enhanced production of abscisic acid closes stomata and leaves curl to minimize area for gas exchange

39
Q

Flood tolerance

A

plant roots unable to release ethylene which digests and creates snorkel like air tubes throughout the plant

40
Q

Heat tolerance

A

production of heat shock proteins that prevents denaturation of proteins

41
Q

Cold tolerance

A

reduces cell dehydration by increasing solute concentration and producing antifreeze proteins

42
Q

PAMP-triggered immunity

A

plants detect PAMPs (unfamiliar objects connected to pathogen) and produces antimicrobial compounds

43
Q

Effecter-triggered immunity

A

plants detect PAMP effectors and up regulate disease-resistant genes

44
Q

PAMP effectors

A

block the cell signal that alerts the immune response of the PAMP

45
Q

Hypersensitive immune response

A

local response; infected cells die and lesions are formed around the infected areas of the plant

46
Q

Methysalicylic acid

A

produces salicylic acid to trigger gene expression of acids to protect against the pathogen

47
Q

Systemic Acquired Resistance

A

Methylsalicylic travels throughout the plant and becomes salicylic acid as a resistant to the pathogen