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Plant Reproduction [Chapter 30] > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptations of seed plants to life on land

A
  1. reduced gametophytes
  2. heterospory
  3. ovules & production of eggs
  4. pollen & production of sperm
  5. seeds
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2
Q

Reduced gametophyte

A
  • microscopic
  • develops from spores within sporangia of parental sporophyte
  • totally dependent on sporophyte–>2n generation
    • gametophytes are protected
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3
Q

Heterospory

A

2 types of spores are produced:

 1. megaspore
       - -> female gametophyte
 2. microspore 
      - -> male gametophyte
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4
Q

ovule

A

megasporangium + megaspore+ integuments

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5
Q

integument

A
  • a layer of sporophyte tissue

- surrounds, envelops, & protects megasporangium

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6
Q

female gametophyte

A
  • develops from megaspore

- produces 1 or more eggs

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7
Q

gymnosperms

A

megasporangium surrounded by 1 integuments

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8
Q

angiosperms

A

2 integuments

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9
Q

pollen grain

A
  • develops from the microspore

- consists of male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall

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10
Q

male gametophyte

A

-consists of 2 cells:
1. tube cell
produces–> pollen tube
2. generative cell
produces–> sperm

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11
Q

sporopollenin

A
  • in pollen grain wall

- protects the grain from environmental conditions

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12
Q

pollination

A
  • ->the transfer of pollen to the part of the plant that contains ovules
    e. g. via air, animals etc.
  • NOT the same as FERTILIZATION
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13
Q

Significance of pollen grain

A
  • sperm is not dependent on water for dispersal
  • In most gymnosperms and all angiosperms
    • ->their sperm do not have flagella
      - because they are being transferred by air, animals, etc
      - ->therefore, these plants can now pollinize dry habitats
      - they are not restricted to moist environment
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14
Q

seeds (2 kinds)

A
  • seedless plants

- seed plants

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15
Q

Seedless plants

A
  • Spore = only protective stage (from environmental conditions)
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16
Q

Seed versus Spore

A
  1. Seed
    - multicellular embryo
    - more developed, more robust, protected by seed coat
  2. Spore
    - single-celled
  3. Seed
    - dormant for long periods
  4. Spore
    - shorter life span
  5. Seed
    - supply of food
  6. Spore
    - no stored food
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17
Q

Gymnosperms

A
  • 1 clade of seed plants
  • “naked seeds”
  • seeds are exposed on sporophylls
    • -> form cones (strobili)
  • most–> conifers
    - ex: PINES, firs, redwoods
18
Q

Gymnosperm Diversity

A

~350 million years old

-earliest fossils of extant species

19
Q

4 Phyla (Gymnosperms)

A
  1. Cycadophyte
  2. Ginkgophyta
  3. Gnetophyta
  4. Coniferophyta
20
Q

Cycadophyta

A
  • large cones
  • palm-like leaves
  • flagellated sperm
  • endangered **
21
Q

Ginkgophyta

A

Ginko biloba

  • flagellated sperm
  • deciduous leaves
    • fan-like
  • popular ornamental trees
    - cities–> tolerate air pollution very well
22
Q

Gnetophyta

A

a. Welwitschia
- W. mirabilis
- SW africa
- strap-like leaves
- large

b.Ephedra
    ~40 species
    - arid regions   
    - ephedrine
       -decongestant

c. Gnetum
- ~35 species
- tropical trees, shrubs, vines
- Africa & Asia

23
Q

Coniferophyta

A
  • LARGEST gymnosperm phyla
  • woody cones
  • evergreens
    • retain their leaves year round
24
Q

Angiosperms

A

-Phylum Anthophyta
-seed plants with FLOWERS & FRUITS
~250,000 species
- most DIVERSE

25
Q

Flowers

A
  • structures specialized for sexual reproduction
  • specialized shoots
  • have up to 4 types of sporophylls (modified leaves)
26
Q

Floral organs

A
  1. sepals
  2. petals
  3. stamen
  4. carpel
27
Q

Sepals

A
  • found at base of flower
  • usually GREEN
  • enclose the flower before it opens up
  • STERILE flower organ
    • does not participate directly in reproduction
    • do not produce egg or sperm
28
Q

Petals

A

-BRIGHTLY colored (in most)
-function –> aid in attracting pollinators
(ex: insect, animal –> bee lol)
-wind pollinated flowers
-flowers lack color
STERILE flower organs

29
Q

Stamen

A
  • produces MICROSPORES
  • -> pollen grain
    • –> male gametophyte
30
Q

Carpel

A 
produces --> MEGASPORE
        --> female gametophyte
"container"
    -seeds are going to be enclosed
    -key structure that differentiates gymnosperms and angiosperms
  -amongst angiosperms,
      -some have a single carpel
      -others have multiple carpels
31
Q

Carpel consists of 3 parts

A
  1. stigma
  2. style
  3. ovary
32
Q

Stigma

A
  • sticky tip of carpel

- receives pollen

33
Q

Style

A

leads from stigma to ovary

34
Q

Ovary

A

contains 1 or more ovules

if ovule is fertilized –> seed

35
Q

Complete flower

A

All 4 floral organs

: sepals, petals, carpel, stamen

36
Q

Incomplete flower

A

lacks 1 or more of organs

37
Q

Diversity in flower

A
  • structure, color, odor
  • adaptations to specific pollinators
  • in many angiosperm species,
    - insects or other animals are responsible for transporting pollen from one flower to another
    - -> pollination
    - wind pollinated plants
    - –> dense populations
    - ex: grasses
    - most GYMNOSPERMS = wind pollinated
38
Q

FRUITS

A
  1. as seeds develop from ovules
    • -> ovary wall thickens
      - when it becomes mature –> FRUIT
  2. Fleshy & dry
    a. Fleshy
    i. ovary wall (pericarp)
    - -> softens during ripening
    ex: grapes, tomatoesb. Dry
    i. softening of ovary wall DOES NOT happen
    - -> ex: beans, nuts, grains
  3. PROTECTS SEEDS
  4. Various Adaptations
    • -> aid in dispersal
      1. WIND DISPERSAL
      ex: maple seds
      - have fruits that are –> propellers
      - when wind blows, propellers help seeds disperse away
      2. WATER DISPERSAL
      ex: coconuts
      3. ANIMAL DISPERSAL
      examples:
      a. burr
      - -> modified to cling to fur
      b. edible fruits
      - -> fleshy part = gets digested
      - -> seeds = tough; pass through gut (digestive tract) of animal & are defecated (pooped)
39
Q

Angiosperm Diversity (3 divisions)

A

~140 million years ago

  1. Basal angiosperms
  2. Magnoliids
  3. Monocots & Eudiocots
40
Q

Basal angiosperms

A

~100 species

  1. Amborella trichopoda
    • at base of angiosperm tree
    • small shrub–> island on south pacific
  2. Water lilies
    • aquatic habitats worldwide
  3. Star anise
41
Q

Magnoliids

A

~8000 species

  1. ex: magnolia, black pepper plants
  2. wood & herbaceous
42
Q

Monocots & Eudicots

A
  • FIGURE 30.16
  • various characteristics differentiate these 2 groups
    ex: 1. cotyledous
    2. flower & leaf structures
    3. DNA

Plant Reproduction [Chapter 30] (1 decks)

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