Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Botany Lec Finals > Plant Physiology, Growth and Development > Flashcards

Plant Physiology, Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

absorb water and minerals (nutrients) from the soil

A

Roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

To grow, flower, and produce seeds, plants need a variety of _________ in addition to carbon dioxide and water

A

Inorganic Nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Most important nutrients that plants need

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

______ comes from the soil, while _______ comes from the air

A

Water and Minerals, Carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the positively charged minerals that adhere by electrical attraction to the negatively charged surfaces of clay particles

A

Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Minerals that are negatively charged that are less tightly bound to soil particles and tend to leach away more quickly

A

Nitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (H2PO-4), Sulfate (SO4^-2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are made available to the plant when hydrogen ions (H+ ) in the soil displace the mineral ions from the clay particles

A

Positively charged mineral ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A process that is stimulated by the roots, which secrete H+ and compounds that form acids in the soil solution.

A

Cation exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do cell membrane of root epidermal cells contain

A

Active Transport Protein (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Movement of water to the side with the greater concentration of
solute (a passive transport of water)

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

move water and minerals from the root epidermis into the cortex

A

Osmosis and active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The water and dissolved minerals pass the inner boundary of the cortex and enter the _____

A

Endodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cells in the endodermis are made waterproof by the

A

Casparian strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Each endodermal cell is surrounded on four sides by a
waterproof strip called the

A

Casparian strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kind of transportation does Casparian strip controls

A

Apoplastic Transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the cytoplasmic continuum

A

Symplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the continuum of cell walls plus extracellular spaces

A

Apoplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pushes water through the vascular system of the entire plant

A

Root pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the

A

Xylem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Water is pulled upward by
_________ in the xylem

A

negative pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Water is pulled up through the xylem

A

Transpiration, Adhesion, Cohesion, and Tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

generated by transpiration is largely responsible for the upward movement of water in xylem

A

negative pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

According to this theory: Due to transpiration, water is lost in the form of vapor from the leaves

A

Transpiration Pull Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

powers photosynthesis and these sugars are transported via the phloem (translocation)

A

Sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Materials are translocated in the phloem from sources (usually mature leaves) to sinks (roots, immature leaves)
Phloem transport
26
also called mass-flow or bulk flow
Pressure flow model
27
Translocated solutes are mainly
Carbohydrates
28
It is the most common translocated sugar
Sucrose
29
Phloem also contains
Amino acids, proteins, inorganic ions, and plant hormones
30
Sugars and other organic materials are conducted throughout the plant in the phloem by means of
Sieve tube elements
31
is driven by a gradient of pressure.
Flow
32
It is required to establish the pressure gradient, but energy is not required by cells of the pathway itself.
Energy
33
Often occurs at night, is caused by the continued, active accumulation of ions in the roots at times when transpiration from the leaves is very low or absent
Root pressure
33
The exudation of water droplets (xylem sap) on tips of grass blades or the leaf margins of some small, herbaceous eudicots
Guttation
34
does not take place through the stomata, but instead occurs through special groups of cells located near the ends of small veins
Guttation
35
Are connected to the plant vascular system by a vascular bundle. It probably evolved from modified stomata
Hydathodes
36
The evaporation of water vapor from plant surfaces; especially in leaves (through the stomata), also in stems, flowers, and roots.
Transpiration
37
When is stomata usually closed
when there is too little water available, temperature is low, or there is little light.
38
Stomatal Control is controlled by
Guard cells
39
regulate water loss in plants and the rate of CO2 uptake
Stomata
40
What happens to the stomata during night
No photosynthesis occurs, stomata is closed
41
What happens to the stomata during a sunny day
Demand for photosynthesis is high, stomata is open
42
What happens to the stomata when water is abundant
Stoma is wide open
43
What happens to the stomata when water is limited
Stomata will open less or remain closed even on a sunny day
44
It is what flank the stoma which also controls the diameter of the stoma by changing shape
Guard cells
45
Guard cells gain and loss water by
Osmosis
46
It is defined as an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells; definite (measurable)
Growth
47
It is the emergence of specialized, morphologically different body parts; indefinite
Development
48
In biological systems, what does growth mean
indicates a quantifiable change in size
49
In biological systems, what does development mean
indicates a transformation of structure
50
What are the internal factors that regulate the growth of plants
Affecting growth and development of plants are the Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
50
What are the external factors that regulate growth of plants
light intensity, day length, gravity, touch, temperature, and water
51
Plant growth is influenced by
phytohormones (plant growth regulators/PGRs)
52
is a chemical produced in one part of an organism, transported to other tissues where it has its effect
Hormone
53
are organic compounds produced in the meristems and transported through the vascular system of the plant
Plant Growth Regulator
54
It determines the formation of flowers, stems, leaves, the shedding of leaves, and the development and ripening of fruits.
Plant Growth Regulator
55
Four types of movement that transports PGR
1. cytoplasmic streaming within cells 2. slow diffusion of ions and molecules between cells 3. sieve tubes of the phloem 4. xylem
56
5 main group of PGR
1. Auxin 2. Gibberellin or Gibberellic acid 3. Cytokinin 4. Ethylene 5. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
57
PGR that promote growth
Auxins, Gibberellin, and Cytokinin
58
PGR that inhibits growth
Abscisic Acid, Ethylene
59
PGRs are produced in what concentration
Low concentration
60
Synthesized in the shoot apical meristem promote cell enlargement and growth
Auxin
61
It inhibits cell division in some tissues (apical dominance). Stimulate cell division in vascular cambium. It helps regulate gravitropism (change in direction of growth due to gravity
Auxin
62
change in direction of growth due to gravity
gravitropism
63
In shoots, light causes auxin to move down the shaded part of the stem, causing the shoot to grow towards the sunlight
Phototropism
64
Are used in rooting powders to stimulate root formation in stem cuttings
Artificial Auxins
65
It is used as a selective weed killer (weedicide), causing unequal growth (twisting & deforming of leaf blades and stems), thus the overall growth of the plant is retarded and eventually stopped
synthetic auxin
66
Promote cell division and elongation in plant shoots and cell (differentiation). It breaks seed and bud dormancy. Play a role in flowering and fruit formation in many species. Help make carbohydrates for embryo. Cause stem lengthening
Gibberellin or Gibberellic Acid
67
used to stimulate fruit production
Gibberellin sprays
68
when floral buds are initiating, the plant is sprayed with auxin or gibberellin so that the fruits do not develop seeds
artificial parthenocarpy
69
Promotes cell division; found in meristems, young leaves and growing seeds. Slow cell aging by inhibiting protein break down and stimulating protein synthesis
Cytokinin
70
Promotes chlorophyll synthesis. Enhance stomatal opening in some species
Cytokinin
71
Plant growth is a balance between the action of _______ and _______
Auxins and Cytokinins
72
Called the plant stress hormone because it causes changes to the plant to protect itself from environmental stress
Ethylene
72
What are cytokinin sprays used for
Prevention of rotting
73
Regulates the growth of plant roots and shoots around obstacles
Triple response
74
Stimulates fruit ripening, leaf and fruit drop, flower and leaf senescence
Ethylene
75
It breaks down chlorophyll which causes leaves to fall. It is produced when senescence or abscission (falling of leaves or fruits) is needed
Ethylene
76
What happens during triple response in plants
Stem elongation slows Thickening of stem Curvature to stem growth
77
inhibits growth in response to changes in temperature and light (e.g. seasons); causes bud and seed dormancy
Abscisin or Abscisic Acid
78
Controls the closing of stomata in dry conditions
Abscisin or Abscisic Acid
79
has great survival value because it ensures that the seed will germinate only when there are optimal conditions of light, temperature, and moisture
Seed dormancy
80
Are steroids chemically similar to cholesterol and the sex hormones of animals
Brassinosteroid
81
When was Brassinosteroid first isolated
Brassica Pollen in 1979
82
Induce cell elongation and division in stem segments and seedlings. They also retard leaf abscission and promote xylem differentiation
Bassinosteroid
83
External Factors that affect plant growth
Light, Food, Water, Temperature, Soil pH
84
It is limited by environmental factors
Quantity
85
Quality of light is influenced by
– Shade from other plants – Cloud cover – Time of day – Seasons
86
_______ in meristems increases the potential for growth
Cell Division
87
It is the irreversible change in size of cells and plant organs due to both cell division and cell enlargement
Growth
88
Accounts for the actual increase in plant size
Cell expansion
89
when an organ or part or whole organism reaches a certain size and then stops growing
Determinate Growth
90
when cells continue to divide indefinitely
Indeterminate Growth
91
Cell division only takes place in areas called
Meristem
92
Where are meristems found
Roots and Shoots
93
It is the progression from earlier to later stages in maturation
Development
94
Development involves what
Growth, Morphogenesis, Cell Differentiation
95
These three act in concert to transform the fertilized egg into a plant
Growth, morphogenesis, and cellular differentiation
96
Plants pass through developmental phases
Phase Changes

Botany Lec Finals (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions